Nutrition

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    Nutrition is a critical part of health and development. Better nutrition is related to improved infant, child and maternal health, stronger immune systems, safer pregnancy and childbirth, lower risk of non-communicable diseases (such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease), and longevity.

    Healthy children learn better. People with adequate nutrition are more productive and can create opportunities to gradually break the cycles of poverty and hunger.

    Malnutrition, in every form, presents significant threats to human health. Today the world faces a double burden of malnutrition that includes both undernutrition and overweight, especially in low- and middle-income countries. There are multiple forms of malnutrition, including undernutrition (wasting or stunting), inadequate vitamins or minerals, overweight, obesity, and resulting diet-related noncommunicable diseases.

    The developmental, economic, social, and medical impacts of the global burden of malnutrition are serious and lasting for individuals and their families, for communities and for countries.

    Eating disorders and body image

    If someone you know seems unusually preoccupied with food and their weight, has strange eating rituals 

    Latest Modules

    June 6, 2024 Respiratory

    Sleep Apnoea

    Obstructive Sleep Apnoea This is a condition where the walls of the airway briefly collapse during sleep. This obstructs the airway causing cessation of breathing during sleep (apnoea) followed by partial arousal to regain breath. The patient then falls asleep again and the cycle repeats itself. It can lead to pulmonary hypertension and type II respiratory failure. It is classically seen in middle-aged obese men who complain of loud snoring.   Risk factors Obesity Large tonsils Large tongue (macroglossia) Symptoms Loud snoring Lethargy with daytime napping Morning headache Decreased libido Hypertension Compensated respiratory acidosis   Key tests Epworth sleepiness scale

    June 6, 2024 Respiratory

    URTIs

    Acute epiglottitis This refers to acute inflammation of the epiglottis, which is often caused by the bacteria Haemophilus influenzae type B. It needs to be recognised and treated quickly as it can lead to airway obstruction. It usually presents in children. However, due to the Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccination, its prevalence has decreased.   Symptoms Rapid onset high fever and malaise Drooling of saliva Muffled voice – due to very sore throat Inspiratory stridor (is a high-pitched sound due to turbulent air flow in the upper airway)   Key tests Usually clinical diagnosis, but fibre-optic laryngoscopy may be performed

    June 6, 2024 Respiratory

    Obstructive Conditions

    Asthma Asthma is a disease that is characterised by reversible bronchoconstriction, bronchial hyper-responsiveness, and airway inflammation. Allergens induce a Th2 response which stimulates production of IgE and attracts eosinophils to the airways, leading to airway inflammation. This leads to the release of chemical mediators (such as histamine and leukotrienes) which leads to bronchoconstriction increasing airway resistance.   Risk factors Personal or family history of atopic conditions (allergic rhinitis, eczema) Air pollution Precipitants – cold air, allergens (ask about pets, carpet etc.) Drugs – e.g., aspirin intolerant asthma (usually features nasal polyps) Occupational (baking, factory work) – this classically causes reduced peak

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