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What are typhoid and paratyphoid? Typhoid fever is caused by salmonella typhi bacteria. It can become life-threatening if not treated. Paratyphoid fever is caused by salmonella paratyphi bacteria. The bacteria are usually spread through food or water that is contaminated by faeces (poo) or urine (wee). Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever are most common in parts of: Africa Asia Latin America the Middle East the Pacific Islands In Australia, more than 9 out of 10 cases of typhoid fever are caught overseas. What are the symptoms of typhoid and paratyphoid fever? Typhoid and paratyphoid fever have similar symptoms, but paratyphoid is milder. The symptoms

  What is twitching eye? A ‘twitching eye’ or an ‘eye twitch’ are terms that describe muscle spasms in the eyelid. Most of the time these are mild and go away on their own A twitching eye happens when the muscles in the eyelid contract (spasm) without someone’s control. What causes twitching eye? Numerous factors can cause eye twitches, including stress, fatigue, bright lights, irritation of the eye or inner eyelids, smoking, pollution, and excess caffeine or alcohol. These sorts of twitches usually go away on their own. Eye twitches can remain for longer than a week or become more serious, such

What is a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)? A transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is an operation on your prostate. It can be done in males to treat problems with emptying your bladder caused by an enlarged prostate. Who might need TURP? A TURP may be recommended if you are male and are having trouble urinating (doing a wee) because of an enlarged prostate. Your prostate is a walnut-sized gland that sits below your bladder. It surrounds the top part of your urethra — the tube that carries urine (wee) out of your body through the opening at the end of your penis. Your prostate may

What is Turner syndrome? Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder affecting some females. It might cause problems with hearing, vision and fertility. It does not usually affect intellectual ability. Treatment with hormones can help manage some of the problems. Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder. This means there has been a change in the person’s DNA. Normally, a female has two X chromosomes in each cell. Turner syndrome happens when all or part of one of these X chromosomes is missing. The change in DNA can affect the child’s development. Turner syndrome affects about 1 in every 2,500 females born each year.

What are turbinates? The turbinates (or nasal concha) are bony shelves in your nose covered by glandular tissue rich in blood vessels and nerves. The turbinates help to regulate the flow of air through your nose. The inferior turbinates can sometimes permanently enlarge and block your nose. What are the benefits of surgery? You should get relief from a blocked nose. Cross-section of the nasal cavity showing an enlarged inferior turbinate. Are there any alternatives to surgery? If your turbinates are enlarged because of rhinitis, your doctor may be able to give you steroid nasal sprays, decongestants or antihistamines to

Cancer What is cancer? Cancer is a disease of the cells of the body. It happens when cells grow and multiply in an uncontrolled way. These cancer cells can form tumours and invade and destroy surrounding healthy tissue. Sometimes cells that are growing abnormally do not spread. These cells are called ‘benign’, or not dangerous. Some cells spread, or are capable of spreading, to surrounding areas or to other parts of the body. These cells are called ‘malignant’, or cancer. When cancer spreads to other parts of your body, this is called ‘metastasis’. The most common cancers in Australia are:

Abdominal pain What is abdominal pain? Abdominal pain is pain felt anywhere in the area between the bottom of the ribs and the pelvis. Most Australians will experience abdominal pain at some point in their lives. Abdominal pain can be serious, but most abdominal pain gets better on its own without needing any special treatment. People sometimes refer to abdominal pain as stomach pain, stomach ache, stomach cramps, tummy pain, sore stomach, wind pain or belly ache. Pain or discomfort in the abdomen can be mild or severe. It may come on suddenly (acute); it could be something that you

What is tuberous sclerosis? Tuberous sclerosis is an uncommon genetic disorder. It involves the overgrowth of normal tissue in many different parts of your body. It may affect your brain, skin, kidneys, eyes, heart and lungs. Over time, the growths become hardened (calcified). Growths that start in the brain before birth can cause delayed development, intellectual disability and behavioural problems. What are the symptoms of tuberous sclerosis? Symptoms vary widely so you may be severely affected by tuberous sclerosis, or you may not even realise you have it. Symptoms may include: skin abnormalities, such as red or pink spots on

What is tuberculosis? Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that most often damages your lungs, but can affect any part of your body. It can cause serious illness and death if it’s not treated. TB is caused by the bacterium mycobacterium tuberculosis. It’s very uncommon to catch TB in Australia. However, TB is common in some other countries. Many Australians born overseas have TB. There are 2 types of TB: Latent TB infection — this is when someone is infected with TB but does not get sick, because their immune system is able to control the infection. Active TB disease —

What is a tubal ligation? Tubal ligation is a procedure to block or cut the fallopian tubes. It is a permanent form of female contraception. Tubal ligation is very effective at preventing pregnancy. Less than 1 in every 100 females who has a tubal ligation will get pregnant. Another name for this procedure is laparoscopic sterilisation. What does a tubal ligation involve? If you have a tubal ligation, your fallopian tubes will be clipped, cut and tied, or sealed shut. This stops your eggs from moving from your ovaries to your uterus. It stops sperm from meeting and fertilising an egg.

Toxic shock syndrome What is toxic shock syndrome? Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a very rare but serious illness caused when toxins are released into the bloodstream from bacteria. The toxins can cause symptoms of shock and can also damage organs and body tissue, which can cause death if left untreated. It is often caused by staphylococcus aureus (staph) bacteria. TSS can affect anyone. It is more common among women when they are menstruating, but there is no evidence that tampons cause TSS. What are the symptoms of toxic shock syndrome? TSS can cause a number of symptoms, including: diarrhoea a sudden high

What is Edwards syndrome? Edwards syndrome is a genetic condition that causes serious health problems and disabilities. It’s caused by an extra copy of chromosome 18. Edwards syndrome is very rare. About 1 in 5000 babies has Edwards syndrome. Sadly, most babies with this condition die before or soon after birth. What are the symptoms of Edwards syndrome? Babies with Edwards syndrome may have: problems gaining weight and growing low muscle tone an unusual-looking face and head learning disabilities unusual hands and feet with overlapping fingers and webbed toes heart problems kidney problems What causes Edwards syndrome? Children with Edwards

  When should I call triple zero? Triple zero  is the number to call for ambulance, police or fire services in an emergency. Only call triple zero  if the situation is serious and urgent. You should call triple zero  if: a person is seriously injured or needs urgent medical help your life or property is in danger you have just witnessed a serious accident or crime Remember that the triple zero  number is for emergencies only. If you call triple zero  and it is not an emergency, you might be stopping an ambulance from helping someone else. If the situation

What is trigger finger? Trigger finger is a condition where your finger jams or gets stiff, or straightens with a painful snap. It can also affect your thumb. The tendons that bend your fingers usually glide freely through tight tunnels made by flexor tendon pulleys attached to bones in your hand. If the fibrous wall of a tunnel thickens, the tunnel becomes too tight, usually resulting in your finger jamming in a bent position. Over time the tendon becomes inflamed and a lump (nodule) can form. Trigger finger. What are the benefits of surgery? The aim is to allow your

What is trigeminal neuralgia? Trigeminal neuralgia is also called tic douloureux. It’s a type of neuralgia (nerve pain) that usually feels like a sudden stabbing or shocking pain. This pain can be hard to live with. However, there are treatments available that can help. The trigeminal nerve Your nervous system involves a complex network of nerves. These nerves send impulses from different parts of your body to your brain. Trigeminal neuralgia involves one nerve called the trigeminal nerve. The trigeminal nerve is one of the largest nerves in your head. It sends messages to your: face jaw gums eyes forehead What are

Overcoming addiction What is addiction? Addiction is the repeated use of a substance or an activity, even though it may be harmful. People can become addicted to many different things. Common addictions are: drugs alcohol cigarettes gambling Addiction can badly affect your life and hurt the people around you. But it’s possible to overcome addiction and reduce the harm to you and others. Deciding to make a change Only you can decide to overcome an addiction. Quitting is a gradual process — it often takes several attempts. When breaking an addiction, you may have withdrawal symptoms, including: tiredness mood changes insomnia cravings

How can I plan ahead? If you live in rural or remote Australia, your treatment options may be limited and getting medical treatment may mean travelling long distances. This can be complicated and costly. If you work, go to school or have other regular commitments, let your manager or teacher know you will be away. They may need to find someone to cover you while you’re away. If you care for a child or someone else, you may need to arrange for their care while you are away. You may also need to continue this extra support after your return,

hat is vaccination? Vaccination is a way to protect yourself against certain infections. Vaccines contain tiny amounts of dead or weakened viruses, bacteria, or other substances that help your immune system prepare to fight a future infection. Vaccination is safe and effective and is especially important when travelling. Why should I get vaccinated before I travel? Many infectious diseases are uncommon in Australia, due to widespread vaccination and other public health measures. This is not the case in many other countries. Travelling can expose you to infectious diseases that are very rare in Australia. These infections can cause serious illness, even in people who are usually fit

Motion sickness What is motion sickness? Motion sickness is feeling unwell when moving on any type of transport. It is also known as ‘travel sickness’, ‘car sickness’ or ‘sea sickness’. It is a normal response to certain types of movement. There are a few ways to prevent and manage motion sickness. What are the symptoms of motion sickness? Nausea is the main symptom of motion sickness. But you might also experience other symptoms, including: vomiting or retching dizziness drowsiness cold sweating headache lack of appetite dry mouth or excess saliva increased sensitivity to smell If you are prone to motion sickness, you

Putting together basic first aid kit A good first aid kit helps to lower the impact of an injury before getting proper medical care. You can customise your first aid kit depending on the activities you do. A basic first aid kit should include: crepe bandages of varying widths elasticised bandages of varying widths hypoallergenic (skin) tape triangular bandages adhesive dressing strips (like Band-Aids) in different sizes gauze swabs combine dressing pads (10cm x 10cm) non-stick dressing pads (7.5cm x 10cm) sterile eye pads alcohol swabs stainless steel scissors (sharp/blunt) 12.5cm disposable gloves tweezers shock blanket safety pins notepad, pen

No matter who you are or which country you’re visiting, it’s important to think about your health as you travel or prepare for a trip. This can help you if you have a medical emergency, and may even prevent something disastrous from happening. Before departure, find out about the health facilities and services that are available at the destination you plan to visit. The services, the facilities, the local customs, weather and the geography may all be quite different from those you are used to. These can all affect your health. Lack of usual supplies In some countries and areas,

What is the trapezium? The trapezium is the cube-shaped bone in your wrist that is joined to the base of your thumb (trapeziometacarpal joint). How does osteoarthritis happen? Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis, where there is gradual wear and tear of a joint. Osteoarthritis eventually wears away the normal cartilage covering the surface of the joint. The bone underneath becomes damaged, causing joint pain, stiffness and weakness. What are the benefits of surgery? The main benefit of surgery is to relieve pain and so improve how your thumb works. The trapeziometacarpal joint. Are there any alternatives to a

What is transverse myelitis? Transverse myelitis (TM) is an inflammatory disease of the spinal cord. This condition causes neurological (nerve) symptoms such as loss of muscle strength and sensory symptoms like ‘pins and needles’. It can also cause problems with bladder and bowel function. While TM can occur in both adults and children, it is an uncommon condition. What are the symptoms of transverse myelitis? There are four main symptoms of TM: Weakness of the legs and arms — if you have TM, you may have weakness in your legs that progresses quickly. If the upper spinal cord is also involved,

What is a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)? A transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is an operation on your prostate. It can be done in males to treat problems with emptying your bladder caused by an enlarged prostate. Who might need TURP? A TURP may be recommended if you are male and are having trouble urinating (doing a wee) because of an enlarged prostate. Your prostate is a walnut-sized gland that sits below your bladder. It surrounds the top part of your urethra — the tube that carries urine (wee) out of your body through the opening at the end of your penis. Your prostate may

What is a transient ischaemic attack (TIA)? A transient ischaemic attack (TIA) happens when the blood supply to your brain is temporarily blocked. This may happen because of a build-up of fatty deposits in your blood vessels (known as atherosclerosis) that leads to a temporarily reduced flow of blood to your brain. It can also be caused by a blood clot that causes a temporary blockage. When blood flow to the brain is blocked, the brain doesn’t get enough oxygen and nutrients. If this happens, your brain cells may start dying, causing symptoms. A TIA is similar to a stroke, but with some important differences.

What is a blood transfusion? A blood transfusion is a medical procedure in which donated blood is given to you. It is a safe procedure and can be life-saving. If complications occur, they are typically mild. Why might I need a blood transfusion? You might need a blood transfusion if: you have lost a lot of blood because of surgery, childbirth or a serious accident you have severe anaemia (a lack of red blood cells), which cannot be treated in any other way you are having cancer treatment or stem cell transplants that affect your blood cell count you have a bleeding disorder This video from the Australian Red Cross Lifeblood

What is TENS? TENS is a method of pain relief. TENS stands for transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Transcutaneous means across the skin. TENS machines pass a small electrical current across your skin to stimulate the nerves and relieve your pain. How does TENS work? When using a TENS machine, small electrodes are placed on your skin in the area where you feel pain. The TENS machine sends pulses of gentle electric current to the electrodes. Some people find it gives some pain relief. While it isn’t entirely clear how it works, it’s thought that TENS: blocks pain signals by stimulating different

What is a transbronchial biopsy? A transbronchial biopsy involves removing small pieces of tissue from your lung. What are the benefits of a transbronchial biopsy? A transbronchial biopsy is a good way of finding out if there is a problem. Are there any alternatives to a transbronchial biopsy? An x-ray or scan can show that you have a problem but a biopsy will help to find out exactly what is causing the problem. A transbronchial biopsy. What does the procedure involve? The endoscopist may offer you a sedative or painkiller to help you to relax and feel more comfortable. A

What is a TOE? A trans-oesophageal echocardiogram (TOE) is a procedure to look at your heart chambers and valves using a flexible telescope placed down your oesophagus (gullet). The telescope has an ultrasound scanner attached to it so your heart specialist can get close-up views of your heart. A trans-oesophageal echocardiogram. What are the benefits of a TOE? A TOE is usually used to help assess a problem with one of your heart valves and can show if it is possible to repair or replace that valve. A heart specialist may use a TOE to identify any holes between heart

What is trachoma? Trachoma is a preventable eye infection caused by the bacterium chlamydia trachomatis. If not treated, this infection can cause your eyelids to turn inwards. This causes trichiasis – when your eyelashes rub on your eyeball, causing pain and damaging the surface of your eye. Repeated infections can cause blindness. Australia is the only developed country with blinding trachoma. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in remote areas of Australia at highest risk. What causes trachoma? The bacteria that cause trachoma are spread through direct contact with fluid from the eyes and nose of infected people. The bacteria can

What is a tracheostomy? A tracheostomy, also known as a tracheotomy or a stoma, is a small surgical opening that is made through the front of the neck into your windpipe, or trachea. A curved plastic tube, known as a tracheostomy tube, is placed through the hole to allow air to flow in and out of your windpipe. The tube does not go down into into your lungs. The tube allows you to breathe through your throat, bypassing your upper airway, including your nose and mouth. A tracheostomy may be temporary or permanent. It may be done during an emergency or

What is toxic shock syndrome? Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a very rare but serious illness caused when toxins are released into the bloodstream from bacteria. The toxins can cause symptoms of shock and can also damage organs and body tissue, which can cause death if left untreated. It is often caused by staphylococcus aureus (staph) bacteria. TSS can affect anyone. It is more common among women when they are menstruating, but there is no evidence that tampons cause TSS. What are the symptoms of toxic shock syndrome? TSS can cause a number of symptoms, including: diarrhoea a sudden high temperature (40°C or above)

  What is an inhaled substance or object? Sometimes people accidentally breathe in (inhale) something they shouldn’t. This might include liquids, powders, gases or solid items such as medicines or drugs, particularly: small parts from toys food or drink that has gone down the breathing pipe (trachea) instead of the food pipe (oesophagus) smoke from fires chemical and toxic fumes, including household gas (such as the gas from your kitchen stove), aerosols or glues button batteries Some people, especially young children, may swallow foreign objects. While inhaled objects get stuck in the trachea or respiratory tract, swallowed objects move through

What is Tourette syndrome? Tourette syndrome is a genetic inherited neurological disorder, which means it can be passed on from birth parents to their children. It causes people to make involuntary and uncontrollable vocal sounds and/or movements. These are called tics. The signs of Tourette syndrome usually begin between 2 and 21 years of age. There is no cure for Tourette syndrome, but it usually improves as you get older. Some people find the tics go away as they enter adulthood. Tourette syndrome does not shorten your life span. What are the symptoms of Tourette syndrome? Tourette syndrome symptoms are

What are STIs? Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), previously known as sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), are infections that you can pass to your partner during sexual activity. There are several different types of STI. They may cause symptoms, but you can also have an STI without noticing any symptoms. STIs often cause health problems if left untreated. Common STIs include: chlamydia gonorrhoea syphilis genital herpes hepatitis B HIV. These infections are caused by a bacteria or virus. If left untreated, some STIs can affect your long-term health and/or fertility. Am I at risk of STIs? STIs can be passed through vaginal, oral or

What is arthritis? Arthritis is a group of conditions that cause damage to one or more joints. The most common type of arthritis is osteoarthritis, where there is gradual wear and tear of a joint. Some other types of arthritis are associated with inflammation of the joints that can eventually lead to severe joint damage. Arthritis eventually wears away the normal cartilage covering the surface of the joint and the bone underneath becomes damaged. This causes pain and stiffness in the joint, which can interfere with normal activities. What are the benefits of surgery? You should get less pain and be able

What is arthritis? Arthritis is a group of conditions that cause damage to one or more joints. The most common type of arthritis is osteoarthritis, where there is gradual wear and tear of a joint. Some other types of arthritis are associated with inflammation of the joints that can eventually lead to severe joint damage. Arthritis eventually wears away the normal cartilage covering the surface of the joint and the bone underneath becomes damaged. This causes pain and stiffness in the joint, which can interfere with normal activities. What are the benefits of surgery? You should get less pain and be able

What is arthritis? Arthritis is a group of conditions that cause damage to one or more joints. The most common type of arthritis is osteoarthritis, where there is gradual wear and tear of a joint. Some other types of arthritis are associated with inflammation of the joints that can eventually lead to severe joint damage. Arthritis eventually wears away the normal cartilage covering the surface of the joint and the bone underneath becomes damaged. This causes pain and stiffness in your ankle, which can interfere with normal activities. What are the benefits of surgery? You should get less pain and be able

What is torticollis? Torticollis (twisted neck) is when the muscles of your neck spasm (cramp) and cause your neck to twist to one side. It’s a physical sign rather than a distinct disease. Torticollis is a common cause of neck pain in young people, and it’s not generally associated with a previous neck injury or neck pain. What are the symptoms of torticollis? Torticollis usually causes pain on one side of your neck. You may feel pain in the middle of the neck and in your shoulders and head. Your neck may be very tender and if you try to massage

Even drinking small amounts of alcohol increases your cancer risk. No amount of alcohol can be considered safe. However, practicing ‘safe drinking’ can reduce your risk of harm. Follow this advice to drink safely. 1. Understand both how much alcohol you are having and how much you should have Drinking can be part of a healthy lifestyle if you learn as much as you can about the effects of alcohol on the body. To reduce the lifetime risk of harm from alcohol-related disease or injury, you should follow The Australian Guidelines. The Australian Guidelines recommend healthy adults should drink a maximum

What is toothache and swelling? Toothache and swelling happens when there’s a problem with your teeth or gums, causing pain and discomfort. If you don’t treat it, toothache can get worse. This can affect your overall health and wellbeing. Visit a dentist as soon as you can. What symptoms relate to toothache and swelling? Toothache can start suddenly. It can cause pain and discomfort that ranges from mild to very severe. The pain can be constant, throbbing, or it may come and go. It can also affect your head, ear and jaw. If you have toothache, you may also have:

What is a tooth extraction? Sometimes, you may need to have a tooth pulled out. This is called a tooth extraction. This tooth extraction is usually done by a dentist or an oral surgeon. There are various reasons why you might need to have a tooth pulled. Learn what to expect during and after this dental procedure. When might I need a tooth extraction? You might need to have a tooth pulled out if you have: bad gum disease bad tooth decay (cavities) a deep infection in a tooth a broken tooth orthodontic reasons e.g. overcrowding of teeth problems with a wisdom

What is tooth decay? Tooth decay is caused by plaque — a sticky layer of bacteria (germs) that forms on your teeth. The germs come from your saliva. The bacteria turn the sugar in food and drinks into acid. This can slowly damage your teeth. You can see tooth decay when a cavity (hole) forms in your tooth. Tooth decay can affect people of all ages, even very young children. In Australia, 1 in 3 adults over the age of 15 years has untreated tooth decay. Similarly, by 5 years of age, 1 in 3 children has tooth decay in

What is a tooth abscess? A tooth abscess is a pus-filled swelling caused by an infection inside your tooth or in the gums next to your tooth’s root. An infection inside your tooth may be caused by tooth decay or a cracked tooth. An infection in your gums is caused by gum disease. These can all let bacteria enter the tooth pulp (the soft tissue inside the middle of a tooth) or inside your gums. If you think you might have a tooth abscess, you should see your dentist or dental practitioner straight away. What are the symptoms of a tooth abscess?

What are tonsil stones? Tonsil stones, or ‘tonsilloliths’, are small lumps of hardened material that can form in your tonsils. They can cause bad breath and most commonly occur in teenagers. The stones are usually small — it is rare to have a large tonsil stone. Tonsil stones are not harmful and may not need to be treated, but surgical options are available if they become a problem. What are the symptoms of tonsil stones? Many people with tonsil stones don’t experience any symptoms. In people who have symptoms, they can cause: bad breath cough earache sore throat a bad taste in

When should I start toilet training my child? There’s no specific age when you should toilet train your child. It’s best to wait until your child shows signs that they are ready. Most toddlers are ready to start toilet training at 2 to 3 years of age. Some are ready as early as 18 months old. Don’t rush your child — toilet training usually goes more smoothly if you wait until you see signs that they are ready. Plan for a time when your household is calm and there’s not much else going on. If possible, wait until summer to toilet train

What is foot disease? Foot disease is where the tissues (skin and muscles) of your foot are dying. Atherosclerosis happens when abnormal fatty material (atheroma) coats the inside of an artery, causing it to narrow or ‘harden’. The amount of blood flowing through the artery is reduced. What are the benefits of surgery? Surgery should relieve any pain, prevent the spread of infection, remove dead tissue, improve your mobility and can sometimes help you to return to normal activities. Are there any alternatives to surgery? The alternative is to take strong painkillers to treat any pain and to take antibiotics

What is a TOE? A trans-oesophageal echocardiogram (TOE) is a procedure to look at your heart chambers and valves using a flexible telescope placed down your oesophagus (gullet). The telescope has an ultrasound scanner attached to it so your heart specialist can get close-up views of your heart. A trans-oesophageal echocardiogram. What are the benefits of a TOE? A TOE is usually used to help assess a problem with one of your heart valves and can show if it is possible to repair or replace that valve. A heart specialist may use a TOE to identify any holes between heart

What is a TMJ arthroscopy? An arthroscopy (keyhole surgery) allows your surgeon to see inside your temporomandibular joint (TMJ, or jaw joint) using a camera inserted through a small cut on your skin. Your surgeon can diagnose problems such as a torn cartilage and damage to the surface of the joint. They may be able to treat some problems using surgical instruments or by washing out the joint (arthrocentesis), without making a larger cut. What are the benefits of surgery? The aim is to confirm exactly what the problem is and for many people the problem can be treated at the same time. The

Organ and tissue donation What is organ and tissue donation? Organ donation is a life-saving and life-transforming medical process where organs are removed from a donor and transplanted into someone who is very ill or dying from organ failure. It can involve the kidneys, lungs, heart, liver, kidneys and pancreas. Tissue donation is a medical process where tissue, such as heart valves, bone tissue, skin, ligaments, parts of the eye and pancreas tissue, is removed from a donor and transplanted into another person. It is important that you decide whether to become a donor and that you discuss and share

What is tinnitus? If you have ringing or other strange noises in your ears, you might have tinnitus. People with tinnitus hear sounds that aren’t actually being made around them. There are 2 main types of tinnitus: Subjective tinnitus — which only you can hear. This is the most common type. Objective tinnitus — which your doctor can also hear when they examine you. Objective tinnitus can be caused by noise coming from: a blood vessel in your head or neck your temporomandibular joint (the joint that connects the jaw to your skull) Up to 1 in 5 people have tinnitus at some point

What is a transient ischaemic attack (TIA)? A transient ischaemic attack (TIA) happens when the blood supply to your brain is temporarily blocked. This may happen because of a build-up of fatty deposits in your blood vessels (known as atherosclerosis) that leads to a temporarily reduced flow of blood to your brain. It can also be caused by a blood clot that causes a temporary blockage. When blood flow to the brain is blocked, the brain doesn’t get enough oxygen and nutrients. If this happens, your brain cells may start dying, causing symptoms. A TIA is similar to a stroke, but with some important differences.

What is a thyroidectomy? The thyroid gland is a structure in your neck that produces a hormone called thyroxine, which regulates your body’s metabolism. A thyroidectomy involves removing all or part of your thyroid gland. Your surgeon may also recommend removing the lymph nodes from around the thyroid gland or in the side of your neck. Thyroid cancer is a harmful growth that starts in the tissue of the thyroid gland. Thyroid cancer may spread to the lymph nodes (glands) in your neck, and to other areas of your body such as your lungs or bones. Depending on the type of thyroid cancer, you

What is a thyroidectomy? A thyroidectomy is surgery to remove all or part of your thyroid gland. The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland in your neck, just below your Adam’s apple. It uses iodine from your diet to make the hormone thyroxine. Thyroxine controls your body’s metabolism (heart rate, temperature and growth). When is a thyroidectomy needed? You might need part or all of your thyroid gland removed if you have: a goitre (an enlarged thyroid) that makes it difficult to swallow or breathe hyperthyroidism or thyrotoxicosis (an overactive thyroid) a lump that could be thyroid cancer There are various types of thyroid operations. These go from having

What is the thyroid? The thyroid is a gland in your neck, near the base of your throat. The thyroid gland makes hormones that help control many of your body’s metabolic processes, such as: heart rate blood pressure body temperature weight What types of thyroid problems are there? There are several conditions that can affect your thyroid gland. Because your thyroid gland plays an important role in controlling many of your body’s functions, serious health problems can result when it is not working as it should. Some thyroid problems cause an enlarged thyroid (goitre). Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroidism is when your thyroid is

What are thyroid function tests? Thyroid function tests are used to check for thyroid problems. The tests measure the amount of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) in your blood. The pituitary gland in your brain makes TSH and sends it to your thyroid gland. TSH controls the production of thyroid hormones. TSH is usually tested first. The combination of a TSH test and tests for the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 is known as a thyroid function test (TFT). Additional thyroid tests include thyroid antibodies. Why would I need thyroid function tests? Your thyroid gland has an important

What is the thyroid? The thyroid is a gland in your neck, near the base of your throat. The thyroid gland makes hormones that help control many of your body’s metabolic processes, such as: heart rate blood pressure body temperature weight What types of thyroid problems are there? There are several conditions that can affect your thyroid gland. Because your thyroid gland plays an important role in controlling many of your body’s functions, serious health problems can result when it is not working as it should. Some thyroid problems cause an enlarged thyroid (goitre). Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroidism is when your thyroid is

What is thyroid cancer? Thyroid cancer develops when cells in the thyroid gland grow in an abnormal way and divide out of control, forming a tumour. What are the symptoms of thyroid cancer? Thyroid cancer often develops slowly, and may have no obvious symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they may include: a painless lump in the neck or throat swollen glands in the neck a hoarse voice or cough that doesn’t go away difficulty breathing or swallowing These symptoms can be caused by other problems, so if you notice any of them see your doctor as soon as possible. What causes thyroid

What is oral thrush? Oral thrush, also known as oral candidiasis, is an infection of the mouth caused by yeast (a type of fungus) known as candida. Candida doesn’t always cause symptoms. Most people have candida present in their mouth without experiencing any problems. Candida can cause problems when there is a change in the microbes (tiny living particles) living inside the mouth. This reduces the number of good bacteria and allows the yeast fungus to grow and multiply. What causes oral thrush? Oral thrush is caused by a yeast fungus called candida. There a few different types of candida that can cause oral thrush, but candida albicans is the

What is thrush? Thrush is an infection with a fungus. It is also known as a yeast infection. The fungus, called candida, occurs naturally in your body, particularly in warm, moist areas such as your mouth and genitals. The information on this page is about thrush in and around the penis. For information about thrush infections of the groin go to our male groin – irritation and infection page. Why did I get thrush? Many people have a small amount of candida in their bodies and on their skin. This is normal. Candida does not usually cause problems because it is kept under control by your immune

What is vomiting? Vomiting is the forceful ejection of the contents of the stomach and upper digestive system through the mouth. It is sometimes known as throwing up or being sick. Vomiting is a reflex that helps the body get rid of substances that may be harmful. Most people will experience vomiting at some point. This information concerns vomiting in adults and children over 12 years of age. See vomiting in children for information relating to children between 0 and 12 years. What symptoms relate to vomiting? Vomiting is accompanied by forceful contractions of the abdominal muscles. It is different from reflux or regurgitation which happen

What is thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome? Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) is a very rare, new and specific syndrome. It occurs when a person has blood clots (thrombosis) as well as low platelet counts (thrombocytopenia). It’s also referred to as ‘vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia’ (VITT). Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot, which prevents blood flowing normally through the body. Thrombocytopenia is a condition where there aren’t enough platelets in the blood. Platelets help the blood to clot (clump), which stops you from bleeding excessively (for example, if you cut yourself). Because your blood can’t form clots, low platelets can

What is thrombosis? Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms either in an artery or vein. The clot is known as a thrombus. Normally, your blood will only clot if you cut yourself and start to bleed. At the site of the cut, the blood gets thicker and forms a clot to ‘plug’ the wound, so it stops bleeding. What are the types of thrombosis? Arterial thrombosis A clot that forms in your artery is known as arterial thrombosis. This can cause serious problems such as a stroke (a clot in an artery in your brain), a heart attack (a clot in an artery

What is thrombocytopenia? Thrombocytopenia is a condition in which the platelets (also called thrombocytes) are low in number, which can result in bleeding problems. Platelets are a type of blood cell that are important for helping blood to clot. When you cut yourself and the wound bleeds, platelets clump together at the site of the wound to stop the bleeding. Platelets may be low in number if the body is not making enough of them, if they are being destroyed, or if they are being trapped in the spleen. The spleen is an organ that acts as a filter of

What is throat cancer? Throat cancer refers to cancer that begins in the throat. The throat (also called pharynx) is a tube that runs from the back of the nose to your food pipe (oesophagus) and the windpipe (trachea). Throat cancer occurs when a tumour grows in the pharynx or larynx (voice box), oesophagus or thyroid. Cancers that grow in the throat area, sinuses, tongue or salivary glands are called ‘head and neck cancers’. What are the symptoms of throat cancer? Common symptoms of throat cancer include: lumps in the neck or throat pain in the throat or around the breastbone a sore throat or cough that won’t

Worms in humans What is worm infection in humans? Many types of worm can cause problems in humans. In Australia, worms that may infect people include: threadworms tapeworms whipworms hookworms Strongyloides These intestinal worms are parasites – they survive by living in another living thing (the host) and getting their food from it. What are the symptoms of a worm infection? A person with intestinal worms may not have any symptoms, but threadworms (Enterobius vermicularis), the most common worm infection in Australia, often do cause symptoms. A person with threadworms (also known as pinworms) may have an itchy bottom or

What is a thoracoscopy? A thoracoscopy is a procedure to look for any problems in your pleural space, using a telescope. The pleural space is the space between the outside lining of your lungs and the inside lining of your ribcage. What are the benefits of a thoracoscopy? A thoracoscopy is a good way of finding out if there is a problem. During the procedure, your doctor can perform biopsies (removing small pieces of tissue) to help make the diagnosis. A thoracoscopy. A pleurodesis can be performed at the same time to treat a pleural effusion (where there is too

What is an endometrial ablation? An endometrial ablation is an operation to prevent the lining (endometrium) of your uterus (womb) from growing, either completely or partially each cycle (month). There are three common devices used to perform an endometrial ablation. radiofrequency thermal balloon microwave Each device uses heat to treat the endometrium. What are the benefits of surgery? The most common reason for having an endometrial ablation is to relieve the symptoms of heavy periods (abnormal uterine bleeding). Pain is usually significantly reduced, although for some women mild cramping may still happen. About a third of women who have the operation will

The pill (combined oral contraceptive pill) What is the combined oral contraceptive pill? The combined oral contraceptive pill is a type of contraception (birth control). It is often just called ‘the pill’. Some doctors refer to it as the ‘OCP’. You take the pill as a daily tablet. It contains 2 hormones — oestrogen and progestogen. Types of combined oral contraceptive pills There are many different types of combined OCP. If you are thinking about going on the pill, talk to your doctor about the best option for you. You need a doctor’s prescription to take the pill. Some types of the pill are

What is thalassaemia? Thalassaemia is an inherited genetic disorder that affects the blood and causes lifelong anaemia. People with thalassaemia do not produce enough healthy haemoglobin, which makes their blood cells small and pale. Haemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. People born with thalassaemia cannot move oxygen around the body properly. Depending on the type of thalassaemia they have, they may need regular blood transfusions to stay alive. What causes thalassaemia? Thalassaemia is caused when someone inherits gene mutations (‘spelling errors’ in the DNA in genes)

What is tetanus? Tetanus is a serious bacterial infection that affects the nerves in the brain and spinal cord, causing painful muscle spasms throughout the body. It is often fatal. Because of vaccination, few people now get tetanus in Australia. Everybody should be vaccinated and have boosters at the correct time throughout life. Tetanus is sometimes known as ‘lock jaw’, because it typically causes spasms of the jaw making it close firmly (lock). What are the symptoms of tetanus? Symptoms of tetanus include: painful muscle spasms, especially in the face or neck, that can last for several minutes a locked

What is being tested? Testosterone is the main male sex hormone. It’s produced by both males and females, although usually in much greater amounts in males. Testosterone helps the male sex organs to mature and produce sperm. It helps with the growth of facial and body hair and deepening of the voice. It also affects your sex drive. Testosterone plays a part in the development of your muscles. During puberty, males start to make large amounts of testosterone. It is made mainly in your testes, but also in your adrenal glands. Women make a small amount of testosterone in their ovaries, adrenal glands and other body

What is testicular torsion? Testicular torsion happens when one of your testicles twists around. Each testicle is attached to a spermatic cord, which contains blood vessels that carry blood to the testicle. In testicular torsion, this becomes twisted (called torsion) and blocks the flow of blood to the testicle. Testicular torsion is an emergency. If the blood supply is cut off for too long, your testicle could become permanently damaged. Testicular torsion is most common in teenage males, but can occur at any age. When should I go to the emergency department? If you or your child has sudden pain in the

What is testicular cancer? Testicular cancer is a cancer that develops in your testicles, the two small, egg-shaped glands behind your penis that produce sperm. The cancer is usually just in one testicle, but it can appear in both. It is possible for testicular cancer to spread to the lymph nodes in the stomach or to other parts of the body. With treatment, more than 9 out of 10 people with testicular cancer can be cured. How common is testicular cancer? About 1 in every 100 cancers in males is testicular cancer. Around 800 people are diagnosed with testicular cancer in Australia every

Abortion What is an abortion? An abortion (also known as termination) is the process of ending a pregnancy, so it does not result in the birth of a baby. Depending on how many weeks you have been pregnant, a pregnancy can be ended by taking a special type of medicine that your doctor, nurse or midwife prescribes or by having a surgical procedure. An abortion is not the same as a miscarriage, which is where a pregnancy ends without medical intervention (although medical treatment may be needed after a miscarriage). Why do some people have abortions? There are many reasons why someone might choose to

Coping with learning you have a terminal illness What is a terminal illness? A medical condition that cannot be cured is known as a terminal or life-limiting illness. If you have been told your illness is terminal, this means that your doctor thinks that this condition will eventually lead to death. Anyone of any age and background might get a terminal illness. But many life-limiting conditions are more common in older people. The expected course (prognosis) of a terminal illness will be different for everyone. Some people may live for weeks, months or even years with their illness. If you

Grief before death – understanding anticipatory grief What is grief? Grief is a natural emotional response to loss. Grieving is a process that can help you come to terms with a loss, such as when a loved one dies. Everyone experiences grief differently. Your experience of grief and how you cope with it will depend on different factors, including your age, your previous experiences with grief and your spiritual or religious views on life and death. How you respond to your feelings of grief might also reflect the type of relationship you share with your loved one, as well as how you

What is a tension headache? A tension headache is a mild to moderate headache that feels like tightness or pressure around your head. They are very common — almost everyone will have a tension headache at some point. They may occur from time to time. Some people have chronic tension headache, with symptoms on most days. What are the symptoms of a tension headache? The pain caused by a tension headache is on both sides of your head. It might feel like a dull ache, or like something heavy on top of your head. It may feel like pressure or

What is TENS? TENS is a method of pain relief. TENS stands for transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Transcutaneous means across the skin. TENS machines pass a small electrical current across your skin to stimulate the nerves and relieve your pain. How does TENS work? When using a TENS machine, small electrodes are placed on your skin in the area where you feel pain. The TENS machine sends pulses of gentle electric current to the electrodes. Some people find it gives some pain relief. While it isn’t entirely clear how it works, it’s thought that TENS: blocks pain signals by stimulating different

Surgery for tennis elbow What is tennis elbow? Tennis elbow is caused by wear and tear of the tendons on the outside of your elbow, causing pain, stiffness and, sometimes, weakness. What are the benefits of surgery? 9 in 10 people heal within a year without surgery. The main benefit of surgery is to get relief from the symptoms more quickly. Are there any alternatives to surgery? Resting your elbow when you have symptoms and not doing the activities that cause pain will treat the condition but it can take up to 2 years to recover fully. Physiotherapy can help you to

What is tennis elbow? If you have pain on the outside of your elbow, you may have tennis elbow. Tennis elbow is when there is a tear or swelling in the tendons that attach the muscle of the forearm to the bone in the upper arm. It is caused by repeated use of the muscles around the elbow. If you stop doing whatever has caused the injury, tennis elbow usually gets better without treatment, but recovery can be slow, taking anything from a few months to 2 years. What are the symptoms of tennis elbow? Tennis elbow can cause the

Temporomandibular joint dysfunction What is the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)? The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the joint that connects the jaw to the skull. There is a TMJ on each side of the face, in front of each ear. These joints allow the movements needed for speaking, eating and facial expression. TMJ dysfunction can cause pain, abnormal jaw movements and joint noises. They are quite common. What are the symptoms of TMJ dysfunction? If you have TMJ dysfunction, you may have: discomfort or pain in the jaw, especially when eating an aching pain in front of your ear, which may spread