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What is a cyst? A cyst is a sac that forms in your skin or body. It is filled with fluid or semi-solid material. Most cysts are not cancerous. Cysts are common and can form in any part of your body. They can vary in size and how quickly they grow. Cysts are different from abscesses, which are collections of pus from an infection. What are the types of cysts? There are hundreds of different types of cysts. These form in different parts of your body. Some of the common types are: Baker’s cyst — behind your knee Bartholin’s cysts — on your vulva

What is a cystoscopy? A cystoscopy is a medical procedure where an instrument called a cystoscope is used to look inside your bladder. A cystoscope is a thin tube with a light and a small camera at the end. Cystoscopy can help with diagnosing and treating conditions that affect the bladder and urinary system. There are 2 types of cystoscopy: flexible cystoscopy (where a thin, bendy cystoscope is used, often in a clinic) rigid cystoscopy (where a cystoscope that does not bend is used in a hospital procedure) When is a cystoscopy needed? A cystoscopy is often recommended for people who have blood in their

What is cystitis? Cystitis is inflammation of the bladder. It is most common in adult females but can also affect adult males and children. If you think you or your child may have cystitis, it’s important to see a doctor. Cystitis can lead to serious illness if it is not treated. What are the symptoms of cystitis? The main symptoms of cystitis are: a strong, persistent urge to urinate (wee) feeling pain or burning when urinating needing to urinate often passing only small amounts of urine each time a dull ache or pain in your lower abdomen (belly) urine that smells, or looks

Bipolar disorder What is bipolar disorder? Bipolar disorder is a chronic (long-term) condition. It involves intense mood changes that disrupt everyday life — from extreme highs to extreme lows. It affects 1 in 50 Australians each year. Bipolar disorder often develops for the first time during teenage years or early adulthood. It tends to affect more females than males. It is sometimes known as manic depression. People with bipolar disorder will experience periods of extreme moods at different times: Manic (or hypomanic) episodes— feeling very euphoric or high. Hypomania means ‘less than mania’. Symptoms of hypomania are like those of

Health risks after a cyclone or flood Floods and cyclones are unfortunately a part of life in Australia. Here’s a list of some of the common health risks and hazards associated with natural disasters, and how to avoid them. The most common type of flooding is when rivers flood following heavy rainfall. Flooding due to very high tides occurs in coastal areas. Flash flooding can result from relatively short, intense bursts of rainfall, commonly during thunderstorms, and can occur in any part of Australia. It can be a particularly serious problem in urban areas where drainage systems may not cope

What is cyberbullying? Cyberbullying is bullying using technology to bully or hurt someone else. For example, cyberbullying may involve the internet, a mobile phone or camera. It is common, especially among children and teenagers. Cyberbullying can include: sending or sharing nasty, hurtful or abusive messages or emails humiliating others by posting or sharing embarrassing videos or images spreading rumours or lies online setting up fake online profiles excluding others online repeated harassment and threatening messages (cyberstalking) A cyberbully might work in secret, keeping their identity hidden or sometimes several cyberbullies work together. They can target their victim by various electronic means, including:

What is ice? Ice (crystal meth) is an illegal methamphetamine, a member of the amphetamine family of drugs. It is very addictive and is linked to chronic physical and mental health problems. Ice is a central nervous system stimulant that affects the messages sent between your body and your brain. It is purer and more powerful than other types of methamphetamine, such as speed. It comes as little crystals that look like ice, or as a white-to-brownish, crystal-like powder. It has a strong smell and bitter taste. It can be: injected smoked snorted swallowed Ice is also known as: crystal meth meth shabu

CATT – the crisis assessment and treatment team What is a crisis assessment and treatment team? A CATT is a group of people who work together and includes mental health professionals such as psychiatric nurses, social workers, psychiatrists and psychologists. They are based in major hospitals. In some parts of Australia they are called Psychiatric Emergency Teams (PET). If someone has tried to harm themselves or someone else, or you think they are about to, call triple zero (000) immediately or go with them to an emergency department. Another option in a crisis is to contact your local crisis assessment and

What is cri du chat syndrome? Cri du chat syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that causes delayed physical development, a small head size and intellectual disability. It is called cri du chat (‘Cry of the cat’ in French) because of the strange, cat-like cry made by newborn babies with this condition. Some children will be only mildly affected; in others, the condition is more severe. All children are different. What are the symptoms of cri du chat syndrome? Most children with cri du chat syndrome have: a weak, cat-like cry when very young intellectual disability, ranging from mild to severe a

What is cradle cap? Cradle cap is a build-up of yellow, greasy and often scaly patches of skin, usually on your baby’s scalp. Cradle cap appears most often in babies in the first 2 months and tends to last only a few weeks or months. It is uncommon in babies older than 3 months but may last up to 6 to 12 months in some babies. What are the symptoms of cradle cap? The main symptom of cradle cap is scaling on your baby’s scalp. Sometimes there might be cradle cap on the eyebrows or behind the ears. The patches

Pubic lice (crabs) What are pubic lice? Pubic lice (also known as crabs or Pthirus pubis) are tiny insects that live in coarse body hair including pubic hair, armpit hair, beards, chest hair, eyelashes, and eyebrows. They do not live on your head. The female lice lay eggs (also known as nits) that are glued to the hair shaft. The eggs are smaller than the size of a pin head and difficult to see. They hatch after 6 to 10 days leaving behind empty egg sacs. The empty egg sacs look like white or grey oval dots on the hair.

What causes cow’s milk allergy? Cow’s milk allergy is often due to an immune system reaction against milk proteins. Exposure to even a trace amount of milk protein can be a problem for someone with milk protein allergy. What are the symptoms of cow’s milk allergy? The symptoms of allergy to cow’s milk can range from mild to severe. Mild to moderate symptoms include: a rash (eczema or hives) swelling of the lips, face and eyes tingling mouth vomiting and diarrhoea Anaphylaxis is the most severe allergic reaction and requires immediate treatment. Symptoms include: noising breathing or wheeze swelling of the tongue swelling or tightness

Who is eligible for COVID-19 vaccination? You are eligible for COVID-19 vaccination if you are: aged 5 years or older; or aged 6 months to 4 years with severe immunocompromise, complex or multiple health conditions, or disability with complex or significant health needs, which increase the risk of severe COVID-19 If you are part of one of these groups, consult the criteria below to see if a COVID-19 vaccine dose is recommended for you at this time. Which vaccine brands are available in Australia? There are 3 vaccine brands that are approved and available for use in Australia: Pfizer Moderna Novavax During

How is COVID-19 treated and how do I relieve my symptoms? Most adults with a mild case of COVID-19 can treat their symptoms in a similar way to how they treat a seasonal flu. That is, rest at home, take paracetamol or ibuprofen to relieve pain and fevers, keep hydrated and take cough medicine if needed. However, the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) has approved certain medicines for the treatment of COVID-19 in Australia. Learn more here about COVID-19 medications. Adults with severe COVID-19 symptoms may need to be treated in hospital with corticosteroids, antivirals and other drugs depending on how severe their symptoms are. Medicines such as

What is a counsellor? A counsellor is a person who you talk to so they can help you overcome difficulties in your life. Counsellors are a type of mental health professional. Counsellors help you solve problems and develop problem-solving skills by helping you clarify issues and explore your options. If you are struggling with issues like relationships, money, or the loss of a loved one, counselling might help you to cope and move on through life. What do counsellors do? Counselling is a talking therapy. Counsellors ask questions and listen to you in a non-judgmental, safe and confidential way. You will

Counsellors and counselling What is a counsellor? A counsellor is a person who you talk to so they can help you overcome difficulties in your life. Counsellors are a type of mental health professional. Counsellors help you solve problems and develop problem-solving skills by helping you clarify issues and explore your options. If you are struggling with issues like relationships, money, or the loss of a loved one, counselling might help you to cope and move on through life. What do counsellors do? Counselling is a talking therapy. Counsellors ask questions and listen to you in a non-judgmental, safe and confidential

Haemoptysis (coughing up blood) What is haemoptysis? Haemoptysis is the medical term for coughing up blood from the lungs or bronchial tubes. It can range from small flecks of blood to a lot of blood. It can be mild or indicate something serious. It is haemoptysis if the blood comes from the lungs or bronchial tubes (the tubes that bring air to the lungs). Haemoptysis does not include having blood in the saliva due to bleeding in the mouth, upper airway or from vomiting of blood from the gut. Haemoptysis is not usually life threatening, but if you cough up blood, it is still very important

Whooping cough What is whooping cough? Whooping cough is a bacterial infection that spreads from one person to another. It causes severe bouts of coughing. The ‘whoop’ refers to the sound you may make if you take a quick breath between coughs. Pertussis, or the ‘hundred-day cough, are other names for whooping cough. Whooping cough can feel uncomfortable and last for a long time. After one to 2 weeks, the cold symptoms get better, but the cough gets worse. After 2 to 6 weeks, the cough begins to get better. But it can take weeks to months for the cough

What is costochondritis? Costochondritis is inflammation in the cartilage that joins your ribs to your breastbone. Although it usually gets better after a few weeks, it can sometimes last longer. What are the symptoms of costochondritis? Costochondritis causes a constant pain and tenderness in your chest. The pain usually comes on gradually. The pain often gets worse if you: cough sneeze breathe deeply move in certain ways put pressure on your chest You might put pressure on your chest by using a tight seatbelt or hugging someone. The pain is usually on one side of your breastbone and affects more

Understanding the costs of mental health services How much do mental health services cost? The costs of mental health services can vary enormously, depending on where you live and which service you are receiving. The first step is to see your doctor. If you can’t see your doctor, any health service should be able to help you. Search for mental health services in your location. Low cost or free mental health services If you have a mental health condition, you might be able to get help with payment through a government program. The Better Access initiative gives Medicare rebates to help people see mental

What is dental care? Dental care is the care of the teeth and mouth provided by a dentist, dental specialist or other health professional. In Australia, dental services are provided by public dental services or by private dentists. Dental costs vary widely from dentist to dentist. That is because there are no standard fees for dentists like there are for doctors. Dentists charge different amounts according to where they practise and what methods they use. Does Medicare cover dental care? The Australian Government does not cover the costs of most dental services in the way it does with other health services.

Guide to cosmetic surgery What is cosmetic surgery? Cosmetic surgery is done to re-shape or change an otherwise healthy part of the body because a person believes it will improve their appearance, not for a medical reason. Reconstructive surgery differs from cosmetic surgery in that it is designed to restore the appearance or function of a part of the body, such as after an accident or trauma, cancer, birth defect or disease. Who can perform cosmetic surgery? Cosmetic surgery can be carried out by plastic surgeons or by cosmetic surgeons. Plastic surgeons can also do reconstructive surgery for people whose

Guide to cosmetic surgery What is cosmetic surgery? Cosmetic surgery is done to re-shape or change an otherwise healthy part of the body because a person believes it will improve their appearance, not for a medical reason. Reconstructive surgery differs from cosmetic surgery in that it is designed to restore the appearance or function of a part of the body, such as after an accident or trauma, cancer, birth defect or disease. Who can perform cosmetic surgery? Cosmetic surgery can be carried out by plastic surgeons or by cosmetic surgeons. Plastic surgeons can also do reconstructive surgery for people whose

What is strabismus? Strabismus (or ‘squint’) is where one of the eyes points in towards the nose (convergent) or out towards the ear (divergent). Sometimes one eye may point up or down. How does strabismus happen? Strabismus in children is usually related to how their eyes focus. The condition often runs in the family and affects 1 in 50 children under 5 years old. Strabismus can also happen if the nerves to the eye muscles, or the eye muscles themselves, are not working properly. The muscles of the eye. What are the benefits of surgery? Your child’s eyes should appear

What is strabismus? Strabismus (or ‘squint’) is where one of your eyes points in towards your nose (convergent) or out towards your ear (divergent). Sometimes one eye may point up or down. Strabismus may be present all the time or only sometimes. How does strabismus happen? Strabismus in adults can happen because of disease that affects your eye muscles (such as thyroid eye disease and myasthenia), disease that affects the nerves to your eye muscles (such as high blood pressure and diabetes) or trauma (where a physical force is applied directly to your eye). Strabismus can also be caused by

What are the coronary arteries? Even though the heart is full of blood, the blood being pumped through doesn’t supply oxygen to the muscles of the heart. The heart muscles need their own supply of blood, and they get it from the coronary arteries, which wind around the outside of the heart. If the coronary arteries become narrow, then the supply of blood to the heart muscles can slow down. If the heart muscles don’t get enough blood, it can cause problems like angina, heart failure and a heart attack. What is a coronary angiogram? A coronary angiogram is an x-ray during which a doctor injects radioactive dye

 the cornea? Your eye has a number of layers. The cornea is the transparent (clear), dome-shaped outer layer in front of the black pupil and coloured iris. Sometimes the cornea can become diseased, causing it to become less clear. This affects your vision. How does the cornea become diseased? There are many causes for the cornea becoming diseased. Three common causes need surgery. Cross-section of the eye. Keratoconus — A condition where the cornea becomes cone-shaped, causing blurred vision. Endothelial decompensation — A condition that causes the cornea to become swollen and cloudy. Scarring — The cornea can become scarred if

What is the cornea? Your eye has a number of layers. The cornea is the transparent (clear), dome-shaped outer layer in front of the black pupil and coloured iris. Sometimes the cornea can become diseased, causing it to become less clear. This affects your vision. How does the cornea become diseased? There are many causes for the cornea becoming diseased. Three common causes need surgery. Cross-section of the eye. Keratoconus — A condition where the cornea becomes cone-shaped, causing blurred vision. Endothelial decompensation — A condition that causes the cornea to become swollen and cloudy. Scarring — The cornea can become

What is the contraceptive vaginal ring? The vaginal ring is a form of contraception (birth control). It’s a soft plastic ring that you put into your vagina. It releases the same hormones as the contraceptive pill to prevent pregnancy. The vaginal ring can also help control your periods. It’s sometimes called a ‘birth control ring’. NuvaRing is the only type of vaginal ring available in Australia. You need a prescription from your doctor to get the vaginal ring. The contraceptive vaginal ring (birth control ring) is self-inserted and should be removed after 3 weeks. How does the vaginal ring work? The vaginal ring

Intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) What is an intrauterine device (IUD)? An intrauterine device (IUD) is a type of contraception (birth control). IUDs are small devices that are placed inside the uterus (womb) to prevent pregnancy. There are 2 types of IUD: the hormonal IUD the copper IUD An IUD needs to be put in place by a trained doctor or nurse. Placement of an IUD in the uterus after insertion. How does an IUD work to prevent pregnancy? IUDs are highly effective and reliable. They last for 5 years or more. The hormonal IUD Hormonal IUDs are made of plastic and slowly release a

What is the contraceptive injection? The contraceptive injection is a type of contraception (birth control). The injection contains a hormone called depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), which is like the hormone progesterone. It‘s also called simply ‘Depo’ or ‘birth control injection’. The DMPA is slowly released into your bloodstream over 3 months. You need a new injection every 3 months to prevent pregnancy. How does the contraceptive injection work? The contraceptive injection prevents pregnancy by: preventing ovulation (eggs being released from your ovaries) thickening the mucus at the entrance to your uterus (womb) so sperm can’t enter How is the contraceptive injection given? The birth control

What is a contraceptive implant? A contraceptive implant is a type of contraception (birth control). It’s a small, thin, flexible rod that’s inserted under the skin on the inside of your arm. The implant is 4 cm long and made of plastic. It continuously releases small amounts of a hormone, etonogestrel, that prevents pregnancy. Etonogestrel is a progestogen hormone. There is only one brand of contraceptive implant available in Australia, called Implanon NXT. You can feel the implant under your skin, but you usually can’t see it. The contraceptive implant is a type of long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC). A contraceptive implant sitting on

Diaphragm (contraceptive device) What is a diaphragm? A diaphragm is a type of contraception (birth control) that can be used to avoid getting pregnant. It is a piece of soft silicone in the shape of a dome. When using a diaphragm, you put it into your vagina before having sex. It should be positioned to cover your cervix (lower part of your womb). This prevents sperm from entering your uterus (womb). Once you place a diaphragm, it’s held in position by your pelvic muscles. You don’t need a doctor to insert it. But it’s a good idea to see a doctor or nurse to learn

What is contraception? Contraception (birth control) can be used to prevent unplanned pregnancies. Pregnancy can happen when sperm released during penis-in-vagina sex fertilises an egg, which then implants in your uterus (womb). What should I think about when choosing contraception? There are many different forms of contraception. No form of birth control is 100% effective, but some methods are more effective than others. Aside from preventing pregnancy, some — but not all — methods of contraception can also help prevent transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Discuss contraception with a new partner before having sex, so you can choose a method that

What is contact tracing? Contact tracing is the process of identifying people who have been in contact with an infected person. Informing contacts that they may have been exposed to an infection will help slow the spread of that condition. If you’re an infected person, your doctor may ask for the details of any people you’ve been in contact with. Doctors can then test your contacts and treat them to help prevent the spread of the condition. Contacts are sometimes offered counselling as well. Contact tracing is commonly used to find the contacts of people with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as HIV,

Contact dermatitis What is contact dermatitis? Inflammation of the skin is commonly called ‘eczema’ or ‘dermatitis’. Contact dermatitis occurs when your skin comes into contact with something that makes it red and inflamed. There are 2 types of contact dermatitis: Allergic contact dermatitis — this is caused by an allergen (a trigger). Each time you come into contact with the allergen, the skin gets inflamed. Irritant contact dermatitis — also known as contact dermatitis, this is when your skin gets inflamed when it’s exposed to an irritant, usually for a long period of time. What are the symptoms of contact dermatitis? Both

Your healthcare rights What are my healthcare rights? Healthcare rights ensure all patients and carers in Australia receive safe, high-quality care in partnership with healthcare providers. This article explains your rights and what to do if you feel they have been denied. Australians’ healthcare rights are set out in the Australian Charter of Healthcare Rights. These rights apply to any healthcare you receive, anywhere in Australia, including in public hospitals, private hospitals, general practice and in the community. The 7 basic healthcare rights are listed below: Access: You have a right to healthcare services and treatment that meet your needs. Safety: You have

What is Conn’s syndrome? Conn’s syndrome is a hormonal condition in which one or both adrenal glands produce more of the hormone aldosterone than normal. Aldosterone helps balance the levels of salt and potassium in the body and helps control blood pressure. Conn’s syndrome causes: high blood pressure (hypertension), which can be quite severe lower than normal potassium levels in the blood an increased volume of blood in the body Conn’s syndrome is also known as Conn disease or primary hyperaldosteronism. What are the symptoms of Conn’s syndrome? The most common sign of Conn’s syndrome is high blood pressure that is difficult to

What is heart failure? Heart failure (also known as ‘congestive heart failure’ or CHF) occurs when your heart muscle has become too weak to pump blood effectively through your body. It can also happen if your heart becomes too stiff to fill up with blood properly, so not enough blood is pumped around your body. As a result, your muscles and organs don’t get enough oxygen and nutrients. This may cause fluid to build up in your body and make you feel breathless or tired. Heart failure is usually an ongoing (chronic) condition — unlike heart attacks, which occur suddenly and require immediate treatment (acute).

What is a congenital heart disease? Congenital heart disease is a birth defect. It happens when a baby is born with a heart that has not formed properly. Congenital heart defects can change the flow of blood and the way your heart works. There are many different types of congenital heart disease. Some are uncomplicated and do not need any treatment. Others can be very serious. These might need many visits to hospital for surgery over several years. What are the types of congenital heart disease? Congenital heart disease is the most common birth defect in Australia. It affects about

What is a congenital disorder? A congenital disorder is a condition that is present from birth. Congenital disorders can be inherited or caused by environmental factors. Their impact on a child’s health and development isn’t always severe, and sometimes it can be quite mild. However, a child with a congenital disorder may experience a disability or health problems throughout life. It’s natural to be concerned about congenital disorders if you’re pregnant or planning a pregnancy, especially if your family has a history of a particular disorder. It’s possible to test for some, but not all disorders during pregnancy, and there

What are condoms? Condoms are a form of contraception available for both males and females. A condom is a very fine sheath made of rubber or plastic. It’s designed to prevent your and your partner’s body fluids from mixing during sexual activity. Condoms can be used for vaginal, anal or oral sex. As well as reducing your risk of pregnancy, they can also reduce your risk of getting or spreading sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Types of condoms There are 2 types of condoms: Male (external) condoms — these are rolled onto an erect (stiff) penis or a sex toy. Female (internal) condoms — these

What is addiction? Addiction is when you have a strong physical or psychological need or urge to do something or use something. It is a dependence on a substance or activity even if you know that it causes you harm. It can impact your daily life. This article describes the types, causes and signs of addiction, and where to get help. Many people have heard of addiction to: smoking drinking alcohol gambling taking drugs prescription medicines Addiction to drugs can include cannabis, ice and amphetamines. Alcohol and nicotine are also drugs. It’s possible to be addicted to anything, such as: Computers — computer addiction is increasing. You may

Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) What is complex PTSD? Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that can develop in people who have been through a traumatic event. The event may have threatened their life or safety, or they may have witnessed a serious accident, death or natural disaster. Complex PTSD is a condition that can occur after prolonged and repeated trauma, particularly due to child abuse or domestic violence. Trauma can cause problems with memory and disrupt the development of a person’s identity and their ability to control emotions and form relationships with others. What are the symptoms of complex PTSD? People with complex

Acts of kindness and compassion Benefits of kindness and compassion Research is showing that people who are kind and compassionate are more content with their lives. They have better physical and mental health and feel less isolated, fostering stronger relationships. Small acts of kindness, such as a smile, or ‘hello’ can have enormous power. The person being kind and the recipient can both benefit. You can be kind, generous and compassionate to someone you know, or to a stranger. Studies have shown benefits from kindness, compassion and giving. The benefits can be: greater sense of contentment or wellbeing good mental health less stress better

What is compartment syndrome? Compartment syndrome is a painful condition caused by high pressure in a group of muscles (a muscle compartment), most commonly in the leg. High pressure can be caused by bleeding or swelling. When pressure reaches dangerous levels, it reduces blood flow, oxygen and nourishment to nerves and cells. What is a compartment? A compartment is a group of muscles enclosed in a tough sheath called fascia keeping the muscles together. The sheath does not stretch easily, so if there is a build-up of blood or fluid inside the compartment, pressure can build up. What are the

The role of a nurse What do nurses do? Nurses work with people and their families to: help prevent disease maintain health treat any existing health problems Nurses can work in: hospitals the community aged care other organisations Nurses specialise in different areas of care including: pregnancy and childbirth (midwifery) child and family health community nursing mental health palliative care In Australia, nurses and midwives need to be registered with the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia to practise. What types of nurses are there? There are different types of nurses. The different types indicate the level of training that

The pill (combined oral contraceptive pill) What is the combined oral contraceptive pill? The combined oral contraceptive pill is a type of contraception (birth control). It is often just called ‘the pill’. Some doctors refer to it as the ‘OCP’. You take the pill as a daily tablet. It contains 2 hormones — oestrogen and progestogen. Types of combined oral contraceptive pills There are many different types of combined OCP. If you are thinking about going on the pill, talk to your doctor about the best option for you. You need a doctor’s prescription to take the pill. Some types of the pill are

What is a coma? When someone is in a coma, they are unconscious, they do not respond, and they cannot be woken up. A coma is a medical emergency and the person in the coma will need immediate treatment in hospital. Someone who is in a coma is alive but completely unresponsive to the world around them. There is very little activity in their brain. Some people in a coma can breathe on their own but others will need help. They won’t be able to cough or swallow and they won’t respond to pain, light or sound. Their eyes will

What is a colposcopy? A colposcopy allows your doctor to examine your vagina and cervix very closely. The doctor uses a colposcope, which looks like a pair of binoculars with a bright light. It allows the doctor a greatly magnified view of the surface of the vagina and cervix. If an area needs further investigation, the doctor can remove a tiny piece of tissue and send it to a laboratory for a biopsy. Why is a colposcopy performed? A colposcopy is usually done to assess the health of your cervix (the neck of the womb), the vagina and vulva to see

What is a colostomy? A colostomy is surgery to bring part of your colon (bowel or large intestine) to the wall of your abdomen (tummy). At the skin it forms a stoma. A stoma is an artificial opening on the outside of your abdomen. The colon is the first 1 to 1.5 metres of your large intestine. It absorbs water and nutrients and passes the remaining waste to your rectum. A colostomy allows faeces (poo) and gas to leave your body via the stoma. A small disposable bag is worn on the outside of your body to collect the faeces. Large intestine, colostomy

What is a colonoscopy? A colonoscopy is a procedure to look at the inside of the large bowel (colon) using a flexible telescope. What are the benefits of a colonoscopy? If the endoscopist finds a problem, they can perform biopsies to help make the diagnosis. Sometimes a polyp is the cause of the problem and the endoscopist may be able to remove it during the procedure. Are there any alternatives to a colonoscopy? A colonoscopy. Other options include a contrast enema (an x-ray which takes pictures of the large bowel) or CT colography (a CT scan of the large bowel). However, these procedures have a higher

What is colon cancer? Colon cancer is a harmful growth that starts in the wall of your colon (large bowel). A colon resection involves removing the cancer along with part of your colon either side of it. What are the benefits of surgery? The aim is to remove the cancer along with part of your colon either side of it. Are there any alternatives to a colon resection? Chemotherapy or biological therapy will not lead to you being cured but can shrink the cancer. It is possible to have procedures to ease any blockage of your bowel without treating the underlying

Bowel cancer (colon and rectal cancer) What is bowel cancer? Bowel cancer, also known as colorectal cancer, develops when cells in the wall of the large bowel grow in an abnormal and uncontrolled way. Bowel cancer can occur anywhere along the large bowel, which includes the large intestine, rectum and anal canal. It typically begins growing from the inner lining of the bowel or from small growths on the bowel wall called polyps (adenomas). If left untreated, these cells can spread along the wall of the bowel, to lymph nodes and to elsewhere in the body. Bowel cancer is the second biggest cause

Medicines for cold and flu What over-the-counter medicines are available to relieve cold and flu symptoms? There are a number of over-the-counter medicines that can help relieve cold and flu symptoms. These include: Paracetamol for pain and fever Paracetamol can be used for adults and children over one month old for pain and fever. Make sure you have the right strength for your child’s age and weight, as overdosing can be dangerous. Read and follow the directions on the label carefully. If you are not sure check with your doctor or pharmacist. Ibuprofen for pain and fever Ibuprofen belongs to a class of medicines known

Cold sores What are cold sores? Cold sores are small blister-like spots that appear in or around the outside of the mouth and are caused by infection with the herpes simplex virus. There is no cure for cold sores, but there are ways to treat the symptoms and prevent new outbreaks. What are the symptoms of cold sores? Cold sores start with an itchy and tingling sensation usually on the mouth, lips or nose and may form small blisters that crust after 3 days. Example of a cold sore around the outside of the mouth. Cold sores usually clear up

Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) What is cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT)? Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is a type of psychotherapy (talking therapy) based on the idea that how you think and act affects how you feel. It can help in many different situations — with both mental and physical health problems. How does CBT work? If you are thinking negatively about yourself or a situation and that is causing you problems, CBT might be able to help. In CBT, you work with a therapist to recognise the patterns of thinking (cognition) and behaviour that cause you problems. Then CBT teaches you

Caffeine   What is caffeine? Caffeine is a chemical found in foods and drinks. It can stimulate your brain and nervous system. It is found in: coffee tea leaves cocoa beans guarana — a South American plant with high levels of natural caffeine chocolate cola drinks energy drinks Caffeine and medicines Caffeine can also be found in some prescription and over-the-counter medicines, such as some: pain-relief medicines cough medicines weight loss products How will caffeine affect my body? Caffeine affects everyone differently. The effect of caffeine depends on: your height, weight and general health the amount you eat or drink genetic

What is a cochlear implant? A cochlear implant is a small electronic device that is surgically inserted into the cochlea, a part of your inner ear, to help you hear better. The implant stimulates your hearing nerve to provide sound signals directly to your brain. Cochlear implants are also known as ‘bionic ears’. If you have hearing loss, a cochlear implant may help you: understand speech and communicate better sense which direction sound is coming from hear despite loud background noise How does a cochlear implant work? The cochlear implant has 2 parts: external and internal. The external part is

What is cocaine? Cocaine is an illegal, highly addictive drug made from the leaves of the South American coca bush. It is a central nervous system stimulant, which causes high levels of dopamine to be released. Dopamine is a brain chemical associated with pleasure and reward. Cocaine is a white powder with a bitter, numbing taste. It is typically snorted through the nose, but it can also be: injected rubbed into the gums added to food and drinks It comes in 3 main forms: cocaine hydrochloride, freebase and crack. Cocaine hydrochloride is a white powder usually mixed or ‘cut’ with other substances. Freebase is

How to read Consumer Medicine Information (CMI)   What is a consumer medicine information leaflet? Consumer medicine information (CMI) gives you information about your medicines. The CMI gives you facts you need to know before, during and after taking your medicine. A CMI leaflet gives you information on how to use your medicine safely. For example, it tells you about: who should take the medicine who should not take it how to take the medicine any known side effects other medicines it may interact with Your pharmacist will give you a CMI when you start a new medicine. You can also ask them for the

What are cluster headaches? Cluster headaches are a rare but very painful type of headache, in which headaches occur in groups, or clusters. They are more common in males and usually start at age 20 to 40 years. People who get them find they have frequent headaches over a few weeks, then none for a while. This is called ‘episodic cluster headache’. During a cluster, headaches can occur up to 8 times a day. They often start at night or early in the morning and can wake you up from sleep. These clusters often occur at the same time each year. In

What is clubfoot? Clubfoot is a deformity that makes a baby’s foot abnormally pointed and twisted. It doesn’t hurt the baby and can be corrected with treatment by a specialist. What causes clubfoot? We don’t know why some babies are born with the condition. It’s thought to be because the bones and ligaments don’t develop properly in the womb. It can run in families and is more common in boys than girls. Clubfoot affects about 1 in 1,000 babies. Smoking while you are pregnant increases your chances of having a baby with clubfoot. The medical name for clubfoot is congenital

This page will give you information about closure of a loop colostomy. If you have any questions, you should ask your GP or other relevant health professional. What is closure of a loop colostomy? A loop colostomy was made at your original operation to divert the contents of your bowel into your stoma bag. It was expected that this would be only temporary and that your bowel ends would be put back together. Your bowels will then open in the usual way. What are the benefits of surgery? You should be able to open your bowels in the normal way and you

Cloning makes use of technology to create an exact genetic copy of a living cell, tissue or organism. In cloning, both sets of genes come from one parent. The resulting offspring has the same genetic makeup as its original parent. The cloning of humans is banned in Australia.

Clinical trials What are clinical trials? Clinical trials are research studies that are carried out on humans. Clinical trials test whether new treatments are safe and effective. The new treatment might be a new medicine, vaccine, or medical device. It may also be new lifestyle advice or a change to the health service. Clinical trials can involve both healthy people and people with a medical condition. Clinical trial and research ethics A human research ethics committee must agree that a clinical trial is ethical before it can go ahead. The ethics committee has a range of members that include: at least two members of

What is gonorrhoea? Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted infection caused by bacteria. It is sometimes known as ‘the clap’. It can affect the urethra (the tube for urine), cervix (the opening of the uterus at the top of the vagina), anus, throat or eyes. What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea? Gonorrhoea often has no symptoms. In women, if symptoms do occur, they usually develop within 10 days of infection. In women, symptoms may include: unusual vaginal discharge pain, discomfort or burning sensation when passing urine pelvic pain, especially during sex irregular bleeding, especially between periods or after sex anal discharge and

What is cirrhosis? Cirrhosis is permanent scarring of the liver caused by many liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and alcohol abuse. The liver is a vital organ that performs many important functions for keeping your body healthy, including: removing toxins from your blood storing vitamins, extra glucose and iron making and breaking down hormones and proteins Although cirrhosis can’t be cured, early diagnosis and treatment can stop or delay its progress. This can minimise damage and reduce the chance of developing complications. Cirrhosis happens when the liver is permanently damaged, causing scar tissue to replace healthy tissue. It usually develops slowly over

Circumcision What is circumcision? Circumcision is a small surgical operation to remove the foreskin and expose the glans (head) of the penis. The foreskin is a sleeve of skin that covers the end of the penis. This article is about male circumcision. All forms of female genital mutilation (FGM), which is sometimes known as female circumcision, are illegal in Australia. Why might I choose to get my baby circumcised? Parents may choose to circumcise their children for a range of reasons. About 1 in 10 newborn boys in Australia undergo circumcision in Australia today. Male circumcision has been performed for

What is the circulatory system? Your circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or vascular system, moves oxygen, nutrients and hormones to your body’s cells to use for energy, growth and repair. Your circulatory system also removes carbon dioxide and other waste products that your cells do not need. These key parts of your circulatory system maintain blood flow to all the cells in your body, so you can survive: blood — made up of red and white blood cells, plasma and platelets the heart — a muscular organ that pumps blood to all parts of your body blood vessels, include arteries, capillaries and veins