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General pharmacology

Pharmacokinetics is:
A. the study of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs
B. the study of the biological and therapeutic effects of drugs
C. the study of toxicity and side effects
D. methodology of clinical testing of drugs
E. study of drug interactions

Correct answer is :
The study of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs

What are the types of absorption in the GI tract:
A. filtration
B. diffusion
C. active transport
D. pinocytosis
E. all types

Correct answer is :
All mentioned types are correct, absorption in GIT can be filtration, diffusion, active transport or pinocytosis

The result of a high degree of drug binding to plasma proteins is:
A. decreased T 1/2
B. increased concentration of free drug fraction
C. decrease in concentration of free drug fraction
D. better drug efficacy
E. all of the above

Correct answer is :
Decrease in free drug fraction concentration

Which drugs are more metabolized in the liver:
A. lipophilic
B. hydrophilic
C. lipophobic
D. drugs with acidic reaction
E. having an alkaline reaction

Correct answer is :
Drugs that are lipophilic characterized

Pharmacodynamics involves the study of the following:
A. drug effects and mechanisms of action
B. drug absorption and distribution
C. drug metabolism
D. drug excretion
E. all of the above

Correct answer is :
Drug effects and mechanism of action
Note that : Dynamic → effect + action

Which factors influence intestinal absorption:
A. gastric juice pH
B. vascularization
C. motility
D. state of intestinal microflora
E. all of the above

Correct answer is :
All mentioned factors can influence intestinal absorption

Drugs that have a unidirectional effect are called:
A. agonists
B. synergists
C. antagonists
D. mimetics
E. lytic agents

Correct answer is :
Synergists

If primary urine is made more alkaline, then:
A. the excretion of weak acids will decrease
B. excretion of weak acids will increase
C. the excretion of weak bases will increase
D. the excretion of both weak acids and weak bases will increase
E. excretion will not change

Correct answer is :
made more alkaline, then excretion of weak acids will increase

Which drugs lead to induction of enzymes in the liver:
A. phenobarbital
B. cimetidine
C. amiodarone
D. erythromycin
E. ciprofloxacin

Correct answer is :
From the given drug list, phenobarbital is the correct answer of drugs that leads to induction of liver enzymes

Which factors affect the half-life:
A. renal and hepatic clearance
B. bioavailability
C. rate of distribution
D. protein binding
E. renal excretion

Correct answer is :
Renal and hepatic clearance are factors which can affect the half-life time of a drug

Which pharmacokinetic factors are altered in the elderly:
A. absorption
B. volume of distribution
C. renal excretion
D. metabolism
E. all of the above

Correct answer is :
All pharmacokinetics factors can be altered in elderly

The value of bioavailability is important in determining:
A. the route of administration
B. frequency of administration
C. excretion rate
D. drug effectiveness
E. duration of treatment

Correct answer is :
The main value of bioavailability is to determine the route of administration

Bioavailability is:
A. the percentage of a substance that is excreted from the body
B. percentage of substance reaching the systemic bloodstream
C. effective dose of the drug having therapeutic effect
D. percentage of drug bound to protein
E. none of these

Correct answer is :
Bioavailability is the percentage of substance reaching the systemic bloodstream

Drugs predominantly bind in plasma with:
A. albumin
B. globulins
C. fibrinogen
D. mucoproteins
E. transferrin

Correct answer is :
Drugs predominantly bind in plasma with albumin

The therapeutic index is:
A. the difference between the minimum therapeutic dose and the minimum toxic dose
B. between maximum therapeutic and maximum toxic
C. between the minimum therapeutic and maximum toxic
D. between the maximum therapeutic and the minimum toxic
E. no correct answer

Correct answer is :
Therapeutic index is the difference between minimum therapeutic dose and minimum toxic dose

On what does bioavailability depend:
A. absorption and protein binding
B. absorption and presystemic metabolism
C. excretion by the kidneys and biotransformation in the liver
D. volume of distribution
E. all of the above

Correct answer is :
Bioavailability depends of absorption and presystemic metabolism

Indicate a disease in which drug binding to plasma proteins is reduced:
A. ischemic heart disease
B. acute infections
C. cirrhosis of liver
D. bronchial asthma
E. pneumonia

Correct answer is :
Liver cirrhosis reduced plasma protein level then it reduce drug binding to plasma protein

What is included in the concept of pharmaceutical interaction:
A. Displacement of a drug from binding to a protein
B. inhibition of metabolism in the liver
C. inactivation of drugs in infusion solution
D. inhibition of drug absorption
E. interaction at the level of excretion in kidneys

Correct answer is :
inactivation of drugs in infusion solution is the typical situation for concept of pharmaceutical interaction

Which route of drug administration will maximize bioavailability:
A. oral
B. sublingual
C. intramuscular
D. intravenous
E. rectal

Correct answer is :
intravenous

The concept of drug elimination includes:
A. absorption
B. distribution
C. excretion
D. binding to protein
E. presystemic metabolism

Correct answer is :
Excretion

If the effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of the individual effects, this is called:
A. antagonism
B. cumulative effect
C. additive effect
D. potentiation
E. sensitization

Correct answer is :
When effects of two drugs is greater than the sum of individual effects that’s called potentiation
1 + 1 = 3

Drug effects that develop regardless of dose or pharmacodynamic properties are called:
A. toxic
B. allergic
C. pharmacodynamic
D. pharmacokinetic
E. pseudoallergic

Correct answer is :
Allergic reaction

A higher plasma concentration of the drug when administered sublingually than when administered orally because:
A. the drug does not undergo presystemic metabolism
B. the drug does not bind to plasma proteins
C. drugs do not bind to tissues
D. the hydrophilicity of the drug increases
E. lipophilicity of the drug increases

Correct answer is :
For sure its because the drug doesn’t undergo presystemic metabolism

What characterizes the parameter “apparent volume of distribution”:
A. drug absorption rate
B. drug elimination rate
C. drug decomposition rate
D. drug efficiency
E. ability of the drug to penetrate into organs and tissues

Correct answer is :
Apparent volume of distribution means the ability of the drug to penetrate organs and tissues

Biotransformation of the drug results in:
A. a lower degree of ionization
B. lower fat solubility
C. lower protein binding
D. higher degree of ionization
E. all of the above

Correct answer is :
Biotransformation of drugs in the liver occurs to transform lipid soluble products to water soluble products to can be excreted through kidney , so it leads to produce products with lower fat solubility

What results from the biotransformation of drugs in the liver:
A. formation of active metabolites
B. formation of inactive metabolites
C. formation of toxic products
D. all of the above
E. none of the above

Correct answer is :
results of drug biotransformation in the liver are ; formation of active metabolites, inactive metabolites & toxic products [wastes]

Renal excretion is influenced by:
A. the level of glomerular filtration
B. level of tubular reabsorption
C. level of tubular secretion
D. all of the above
E. none of the above.

Correct answer is :
Renal excretion depends on level of glomerular filtration rate GFR, level of tubular secretion & level of tubular secretion reabsorption

What is the elimination half-life (T 1\2):
A. the time of elimination of the drug from the body
B. when the drug concentration in plasma drops by 50%
C. time for the drug to decrease in plasma concentration by 50%
D. time to reach therapeutic concentration
E. no correct answers