Month: September 2024

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Abacavir

September 14, 2024September 14, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Medication Information Leaflet What is this medication for? Abacavir is an antiretroviral medication used for treating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It works by preventing the virus from reproducing, and hence, reducing the amount of virus in your body. This increases the CD4 cell count in your body. CD4 cells are a type of immune cells that help your body fight off infections. Abacavir is not a cure for HIV infection. It must be taken consistently every day to slow the progression of the disease. How should I take or use this medication? Abacavir is always given in combination with

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Abdominal Pain

September 14, 2024September 14, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Causes of Abdominal Pain Commonly known as a stomach ache, abdominal pain can be caused by indigestion, trapped wind, overeating, smoking and a viral or bacterial infection. If the pain is sudden and severe in a particular area of your belly, it could be due to more serious medical issues such as appendicitis, ulcers, gallstones or kidney stones. Home Treatments: How To Relieve Stomach Aches at Home If you are experiencing a slight pain in your stomach, try to ease the discomfort with one of these home treatments: Sip water Avoid solid food for a few hours Avoid milk and other

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bdominal Pain in Children

September 14, 2024September 14, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

What causes stomach pain in your child? Approximately 20 percent of children will seek attention for abdominal pain some time during their childhood. The pain could be acute or recurrent in nature and often may be associated with other symptoms, such as vomiting and diarrhoea. The abdominal pain may arise from gastrointestinal or non-gastrointestinal causes. Common causes include constipation, infant colic and gastroenteritis. However, some of these children could be suffering from more serious conditions such as obstruction of the intestines, bleeding in the intestines and appendicitis, which need medical attention as soon as possible. Consult your doctor when the following problems

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Abdominal Sacropolpopexy

September 14, 2024September 14, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Get a better understanding of abdominal sacrocolpopexy, why the surgery is necessary and its potential complications. What Is Abdominal Sacropolpopexy? It is an operation performed from the abdomen to support the vagina to the ligament on the spine (after previous or concurrent surgery to remove the womb) by using a synthetic mesh. Why Is It Performed? Sacrocolpopexy is done to treat severe protrusion of the vagina after the womb is removed. The protrusion usually bothers you because of:• An uncomfortable lump• Urinary difficulties (e.g. incomplete emptying of the bladder)• Bowel difficulties (e.g. constipation, incomplete emptying of bowels)• Pain• Infection• Bleeding Abdominal sacrocolpopexy

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Abemaciclib

September 14, 2024September 14, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Medication Information Leaflet What is this medication for? Abemaciclib is used to treat hormone-positive breast cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It may be used together with other medications such as Letrozole, Exemestane, Anastrozole or Fulvestrant. How should I take or use this medication? Take Abemaciclib two times a day You may take it with or without food Do not break, chew or crush the tablet. Swallow the tablet whole. Inform your doctor or pharmacist if you have difficulty swallowing What should I do if I forget to take or use this medication? If you forget

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Abnormal Blood Test Results

September 14, 2024September 14, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Don’t ignore your abnormal blood test results just because you haven’t noticed any external symptoms. Raised tumour markers, anaemia or abnormal liver function tests in particular may indicate an underlying condition that requires treatment. Getting Abnormal Blood Results During Blood Tests Patients may be referred to a gastroenterologist upon receiving an abnormal blood test result from a routine health screening. The most commonly referred patients fall into three categories: 1. Raised tumour markers (alphafetoprotein [AFP], carcinoembryonic antigen [CEA], carbohydrate antigen 19-9 [CA19-9])2. Anaemia3. Abnormal liver function tests Patients with these abnormal blood test results may not show any external symptoms but should seek

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Abnormal Heart Rhythm (Arrhythmia)

September 14, 2024September 14, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Ever feel your heart beating too quickly? You may have an arrhythmia, a condition characterised by an irregular heart rhythm. Find out more about arrhythmias and learn how to detect the symptoms of an abnormal heart rhythm. What Is an Abnormal Heart Rhythm? Heart rhythm problems, or arrhythmia, occur when the electrical impulses produced by your heart that coordinate heartbeat do not function properly, causing your heart to beat too quickly (tachycardia), too slowly (bradycardia), or irregularly (bradycardia-tachycardia). Age increases the probability of experiencing an arrhythmia. It may also occur in people who do not have heart disease. Some heart arrhythmias are

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A Step-by-Step Guide on How to Apply Eye Ointment

September 14, 2024September 14, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

A Step-by-Step Guide on How to Apply Eye Ointment Important Information Read the label on the tube carefully before using the eye ointment. Using a mirror may make the application of eye ointment easier. Record the date opened on the tube of eye ointment. Throw it away immediately once contaminated or after reaching its in-use shelf life as recommended by the manufacturer. If you need to apply both the eye drop and ointment, you should apply the eye drop first. Wait for at least 5 minutes before applying the eye ointment. If you need to apply more than one

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#Model 1 Pharma MCQ

Non-Opioid analgesics and antihistaminic

September 14, 2024September 14, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Non-Opioid analgesics and antihistaminic pharmacology Indicate the clinical condition that is an indication for NSAID monotherapy:A. extra-articular rheumatic diseases (myositis, tendovaginitis, synovitis)B. systemic lupus erythematosusC. dermatomyositisD. migraineE. all of the above diseases Correct answer is :Extra-articular rheumatic diseases (myositis, tendovaginitis, synovitis) Compared with indomethacin, acetylsalicylic acid has a more pronouncedA. analgesic effectB. inhibition of Pg synthesisC. antiplatelet effect on plateletsD. anti-inflammatory effectE. antipyretic effect Correct answer is :Antiplatelet effect on platelets Choose a selective COX-2 inhibitor: A. acetylsalicylic acidB. diclofenacC. celecoxibD. ketorolacE. indomethacin Correct answer is :Celecoxib The following drug has the greatest gastrotoxicity:A. ibuprofenB. indomethacinC. meloxicamD. diclofenacE. paracetamol Correct answer

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Anti-biotics

September 14, 2024September 14, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Anti-biotics pharmacology Which structure of the microorganism is affected by cephalosporins:A. ribosomeB. cell wallC. nucleusD. mitochondriaE. vacuoles Correct answer is :Cell wall Which side effect is characteristic for aminoglycosides:A. nephrotoxicityB. vestibulopathiesC. neuromuscular blockadeD. cochleatoxicityE. all of the above Correct answer is :All listed side effects are characteristics for aminoglycosides Which antibiotic is characterized by the penicillin type of resistance development:A. erythromycinB. tetracyclineC. rifampicinD. gentamicinE. cefazolin Correct answer is :Cefazolin The metabolic rate of theophylline is altered when used concomitantly with which antibiotic:A. doxycyclineB. cefazolinC. erythromycinD. gentamicinE. penicillin Correct answer is :Erythromycin Which group of antibiotics more often causes allergic reactions:A.

#Model 1 Pharma MCQ

Blood and hemostasis

September 14, 2024September 14, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Blood and hemostasis State a drug that is a direct anticoagulant:A. alteplaseB. warfarinC. clopidogrelD. fractiparinE. aspirin Correct answer is :Fractiparin Specify the drug belonging to the group of antiaggregants:A. FraxiparinB. acetylsalicylic acidC. urokinaseD. hirudinE. warfarin Correct answer is :Acetylsalicylic acid Identify the drug belonging to the group of thrombolytics:A. acetylsalicylic acidB. tenecteplaseC. warfarinD. heparinE. fractiparin Correct answer is :tenecteplase What is the mechanism of antiplatelet action of acetylsalicylic acid:A. reversible inhibition of cyclooxygenaseB. inhibition of thromboxanthaseC. blockade of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complexesD. irreversible inhibition of cyclooxygenase activityE. fibrin dissolution Correct answer is :Irreversible inhibition of cycle-oxygenase activity State the index that

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Gastro-Intestinal system

September 14, 2024September 14, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Gastro-Intestinal System Which drug blocks the proton pump?A. omeprazoleB. almagelC. famotidineD. atropineE. misoprostol Correct answer is :Omeprazole Which of the following drugs maximally inhibits the secretion of hydrochloric acid:A. famotidineB. ranitidineC. misoprostolD. omeprazoleE. atropine Correct answer is :Omeprazole Which of the following drugs promotes eradication of H.pylori:A. azithromycinB. famotidineC. clarithromycinD. lincomycinE. gentamicin Correct answer is :Clarithromycin Which anti-ulcer agents can cause hypophosphatemia:A. aluminum-containing antacidsB. bismuth-containing medicationsC. Proton pump blockersD. H2-histamine blockersE. synthetic prostaglandins Correct answer is :Aluminum-containing antacids Which receptors are affected by famotidine:A. M1-cholinoreceptorsB. M2-cholinoreceptorsC. H1-histamine receptorsD. H2-histamine receptorsE. N-cholinoreceptors Correct answer is :H2-histamine receptor Which drug neutralizes hydrochloric

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Respiratory system

September 14, 2024September 14, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Respiratory System In which situation you should not suppress a cough:A. excruciating unproductive coughB. cough in central cancerC. cough if there is a foreign body in the bronchiD. before bronchoscopic examinationE. cough with signs of sputum separation Correct answer is :In case of cough with sputum separation signs, you shouldn’t suppress cough Choose a narcotic anti-cough medication:A. codeine B. sinecodeC. glaucineD. paxeladineE. prenoxdiazine Correct answer is :Codeine Choose a non-narcotic cough suppressant:A. sinecodeB. prenoxdiazineC. paxeladineD. glaucineE. all of the following Correct answer is :All listed drugs are non-narcotic cough suppressants Which anti-cough medication is part of bronchodilator:A. libeccinB. butamirateC. oxeladineD. pentoxiverineE.

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General pharmacology

September 14, 2024September 14, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

General pharmacology Pharmacokinetics is:A. the study of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugsB. the study of the biological and therapeutic effects of drugsC. the study of toxicity and side effectsD. methodology of clinical testing of drugsE. study of drug interactions Correct answer is :The study of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs What are the types of absorption in the GI tract:A. filtrationB. diffusionC. active transportD. pinocytosisE. all types Correct answer is :All mentioned types are correct, absorption in GIT can be filtration, diffusion, active transport or pinocytosis The result of a high degree of drug binding to

#Clinical pharmacology journal #Medical articles

Dual biologic therapy for the treatment of rheumatic diseases and asthma: a case series

September 5, 2024September 5, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Abstract Objective Combination biological therapies are being considered increasingly for patients with multiple co-morbidities requiring biologics. There are limited data available on this approach, and concerns remain about the possible risk of adverse events, particularly infection. Methods We present three patients on dual biologics for rheumatic disease and asthma. The biologic combinations used were etanercept and mepolizumab, infliximab and omalizumab, and etanercept and omalizumab. The time on combination biologic therapies ranged from 24 to 36 months. Patients were monitored for any serious adverse events. Results All three patients were able to tolerate combined biologic therapies, with no serious adverse events. All

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#Clinical pharmacology journal #Medical articles

reporting ADR – Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting

September 5, 2024September 5, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

National Pharmacovigilance Centre, DRAP collects reports of suspected Adverse Events associated with the use of therapeutic products. Anyone can report a suspected adverse events. DRAP has enabled both electronic and manual systems for collection of reports of suspected adverse events:- LEARNING OBJECTIVES Define an adverse drug reaction. Discuss the detection of adverse drug reactions. Discuss the assessment of adverse drug reactions. WHAT HAPPENS TO THE REPORT? Your report matters. Together, letus save lives through vigilant reporting.

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Antibiotic therapy for multidrug-resistant nosocomial infections (Pseudomonas spp., Acinetobacter spp., and Enterobacteriaceae)

September 5, 2024September 5, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter spp.: Increasingly Problematic Nosocomial Pathogens Kyungwon Lee, Dongeun Yong, Seok Hoon Jeong, and Yunsop Chong Department of Laboratory Medicine, Research Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. Received: June 8, 2011Corresponding author: Dr. Yunsop Chong,Department of Laboratory Medicine,Research Institute of Bacterial Resistance,Yonsei University College of Medicine,50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu,Seoul 120-752, Korea.Tel: 82-2-2228-2446, Fax: 82-2-313-0908E-mail: [email protected]∙ The authors have no financial conflicts ofinterest. Pathogenic bacteria have increasingly been resisting to antimicrobial therapy. Re-cently, resistance problem has been relatively much worsened in Gram-negativebacilli. Acinetobacter spp. are typical nosocomial pathogens causing infectionsand high mortality, almost exclusively in compromised

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#Clinical pharmacology journal #Medical articles

Antibiotics in the treatment of community-acquired and nosocomial pneumonia

September 5, 2024September 5, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Empirical antibiotic treatment for community-acquired pneumonia and accuracy for Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Clamydophila pneumoniae: a descriptive cross-sectional study of adult patients in the emergency department Abstract Background Many factors determine empirical antibiotic treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). We aimed to describe the empirical antibiotic treatment CAP patients with an acute hospital visit and to determine if the current treatment algorithm provided specific and sufficient coverage against Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Clamydophila pneumoniae (LMC). Methods A descriptive cross-sectional, multicenter study of all adults with an acute hospital visit in the Region of Southern Denmark between January 2016 and

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EU Drug Approval Process

September 5, 2024September 5, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Introduction: The EU drug approval system includes several routes that pharmaceutical companies can utilize to get their products approved across the 27 member states. These pathways are designed to accommodate the diverse nature of medicinal products and their intended uses: Centralised Procedure (CP) Mutual Recognition Procedure (MRP) Decentralised Procedure (DCP) Centralised Procedure (CP): The Centralised Procedure is the process used by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for the evaluation and approval of medicines for human and veterinary use, intended to be marketed within the European Union. Here’s a breakdown of the three main steps: Step

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#Clinical pharmacology journal

CPIC® Guideline for Pharmacogenetics-Guided Warfarin Dosing

September 5, 2024September 5, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Most recent guideline publication: Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guidelines for Pharmacogenetics-guided Warfarin Dosing: 2016 Update (December 2016) Updates since publication: No updates on dosing recommendations since this publication. Figures provided in the main manuscript of the guideline: Figure 1. Schematic representation of warfarin metabolism and its mechanism of action. Figure 2. Dosing recommendations for warfarin dosing based on genotype for adult patients Figure 3. Dosing recommendations for warfarin dosing based on genotype for pediatric patients Supplement to: Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guidelines for Pharmacogenetics-guided Warfarin Dosing: 2016 Update Tables provided in the guideline publication supplement or referenced in

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How to Efficiently Study – 19 Tips You Can Implement Today

September 4, 2024September 4, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Mundane ways of studying are no longer working. It is not enough to just memorise the material. You have to learn efficiently and smartly. This article will give you 19 tips on becoming a better student and creating an excellent studying strategy. Know why you should study Why should you study at all? That’s the dilemma almost everyone has faced in school.You should know why you are studying something and its practical implications. Or how can you apply it in a larger context? It’s even better if you can align it with your own goals. For example, imagine you want

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What is the IMAT exam?

September 4, 2024September 4, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

The IMAT exam is a means of ranking for admission in Italian medical universities for English-taught medicine and dentistry courses. IMAT stands for International Medical Admissions Test. Nowadays, 13 Italian universities use this test to determine the best candidates from all over the world. It is a pen-and-paper exam that includes multiple-choice questions from science subjects such as Biology, Chemistry, Maths, and Physics. It also assesses your culture, general knowledge, and logical reasoning. You have 100 minutes to answer 60 questions divided into 4 sections. The exam takes place in different cities around the world in the so-called “test centres”.

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