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Principles of biology
– Basic attributes of living systems. Biological disciplines, biotechnology, biomedicine, main branches of medicine. Biological terminology. Key discoveries in biology and medicine.
– Chemical elements and molecules of living systems. Basic metabolic pathways.
Molecular genetics
– Central dogma of molecular biology. Structure and function of nucleic acids and proteins.
– DNA replication, transcription, translation and genetic code. Genome, chromosome, and gene structure.
– Mutations and their consequences. Basic molecular genetic methods.
Cell biology
– Structure and organization of cells (prokaryotic, eukaryotic, plant, animal). Origin, structure, and function of mitochondria. Origin, structure, and function of chloroplasts, photosynthesis.
– Structure and function of ribosomes.
– Nucleus and chromatin, human karyotype. Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis, crossing over, oogenesis and spermatogenesis, gametes, fertilization.
Genetics
– Genotype and phenotype. Mendel laws and Mendelian and non-Mendelian modes of inheritance.
– Gene linkage and gene interactions. Medically important autosomal recessive, dominant, sex-linked and multifactorial traits.
Virology, bacteriology, protistology, zoology, botany, and mycology
– Classification, basic characteristics, structure and reproduction of viruses.
– Retroviruses and reverse transcription.
– Viral diseases. Viroids, prions and associated diseases.
– Eubacteria and Archea, their reproduction and importance. Bacterial infections and their therapy.
– Protists, their taxonomy and classification. Parasitic protists and associated diseases.
– Taxonomy and evolution of animals. Classification, reproduction, ontogenesis and body structure of invertebrates.
– Parasitic invertebrates (helmints, arthropods), their life cycle and associated
diseases.
– Classification, reproduction, ontogenesis and body structure of chordates.
– Taxonomy, evolution and reproduction of plants and fungi. Medically important fungi (parasitic, producing antibiotics or toxic compounds).
Basic human biology
– Basic anatomy and physiology of the human body, tissues and organ systems.
– Skeleton, structure and development of bones, disorders of the musculoskeletal system.
– Most important muscles and the mechanism of muscular contraction.
– Basic components and function of blood, blood groups and transfusion.
– Heart and circulatory system, blood vessels, blood pressure, heart rate, cardiovascular diseases. Immunity, lymphatic system, antibodies, vaccination and transplantation, disorders of the immune system.
– Respiration, respiratory system and its disorders.
– Digestive system and basic nutrients, vitamins, their sources and importance.
– Excretion, urinary system, production and composition of urine,
diseases of the urinary system.
– Skin, its structure and importance, skin diseases.
– Central and peripheral nervous system, its anatomy and function, sensory organs and receptors.
– Disorders and injuries of the nervous system, stress, psychiatric diseases, addiction.
– Exocrine and endocrine glands, endocrine system and its disorders, hormones.
– Reproductive system and human reproduction, embryogenesis, organogenesis, prenatal care, inborn defects.
Evolution
– Evolutionary theories, Darwin’s concept of evolution, neodarwinism, selfish gene theory.
– Evolutionary factors: variability, mutation, selection, genetic drift, gene flow.
Origin of life, prebiotic evolution, evolution of cellular organisms, fossils. Evolution of Homo sapiens, its ancestors and related species.
Ecology
– Biotic and abiotic factors, population, community, ecosystem, biome, species diversity.
– Food web, food chain, producers, consumers, decomposers. Interspecific and intraspecific relationships.
– Toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic factors of the human environment, genotoxicity testing.
– Global environmental issues and environmental protection.
