Genetics is the scientific study of genes and heredity—of how certain qualities or traits are passed from parents to offspring as a result of changes in DNA sequence. A gene is a segment of DNA that contains instructions for building one or more molecules that help the body work. DNA is shaped like a corkscrew-twisted ladder, called a double helix. The two ladder rails are called backbones, and the rungs are pairs of four building blocks (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine) called bases. The sequences of these bases provide the instructions for building molecules, most of which are proteins. Researchers estimate that humans have about 20,000 genes. All of an organism’s genetic material, including its genes and other elements that control the activity of those genes, is its genome. An organism’s entire genome is found in nearly all of its cells. In human, plant, and animal cells, the genome is housed in a structure called the nucleus. The human genome is mostly the same in all people with just small variations. For more on the human genome, visit the National Human Genome Research Institute’s About Genomics webpage.
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TEXT BOOKS
Genetics & Molecular Biology
› Robert Schleif
› The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore and London
› Second Edition
The New Genetics
› U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
› National Institutes of Health
› 2020
Genetics Home Reference
› Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications
› Department of Health & Human Services
› December 12, 2011
Cytology By Wilson
› Wilson & Morrison
› Reinhold Books in the Biological Sciences, NewYork
› September 1961
An Introduction to Cytology
› Lester W, Sharp – Cornell University
› McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, INC. NEW YORK
› 1st Edition, 1921
Essentials of Cytology Fluids
› Gia-Khanh Nguyen
› University of Alberta, Canada
› 2009
Cytology Summary
› Pavlov University
› Sheet-like notes
› 2022
The cytology and life-history of bacteria
› Bisset, Kenneth Alexander
› Baltimore : Williams and Wilkens
› 1955
lectures
1. Physical Structure of the Gene
2. The Complementation Test and Gene Function
3. Mendelian Genetics
4. Probability and Pedigrees
5. Chromosomes and Sex Linkage
6. Recombination and Genetic Maps
7. Three-factor Crosses
8. Tetrad Analysis
9. Phage Genetics
10. Gene Structure and DNA Analysis
11. Mutations and Suppressors
12. Bacterial Genetics: Transposition
13. Bacterial Genetics: Transduction
14. Complementation in Bacteria: Plasmids
15. Complementation in Bacteria: Recombinant DNA
16. Prokaryotic Regulation: Negative Control
17. Prokaryotic Regulation: Positive Control
18. Prokaryotic Regulation: Regulatory Circuits
19. Eukaryotic Genes and Genomes I
20. Eukaryotic Genes and Genomes II
21. Eukaryotic Genes and Genomes III
22. Eukaryotic Genes and Genomes IV
23. Transgenes and Gene Targeting in Mice I
24. Transgenes and Gene Targeting in Mice II
25. Population Genetics: Hardy-Weinberg
26. Population Genetics: Mutation and Selection
27. Population Genetics: Inbreeding
28. Human Polymorphisms
29. Statistical Evaluation of Linkage I
30. Statistical Evaluation of Linkage II
31. Complex Traits
32. Chromosome Anomalies I
33. Chromosome Anomalies II Parts [1][2][3]
34. Genetics of Cancer I
35. Genetics of Cancer II
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