medical notes

#Gastroenterology

Acute mesenteric circulation disorders

By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Acute disorders of mesenteric circulation. The pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, principles of conservative and surgical treatment.■It is a very serious surgical emengency , usually affecting the superior mesenteric artery or vein . ■Sudden loss of blood flow to the small intestine is called acute mesenteric ischemia. The acute type is often caused by a blood clot and requires an immediate treatment, such as surgery. Aetiology Both acute and chronic mesenteric ischemia are caused by a decrease in blood flow to the small intestine. Acute mesenteric ischemia is most commonly causedby a blood clot in the main mesenteric artery. The blood clot

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#Cardiology

Acute pericarditis

By Sama Mohamed

Overview Pericarditis refers to inflammation of the lining of the heart known as the pericardium. Inflammation of the pericardium can be acute or chronic: Acute pericarditis: acute-onset chest pain and characteristic ECG features (e.g. saddle ST elevation). Multiple aetiologies. Self-limiting without significant complications in 70-90% of cases. Chronic pericarditis: long-standing inflammation (> 3 months), usually follows acute episode. Complications include chronic pericardial effusion and constrictive pericarditis due to scarring. Acute pericarditis is the most common pericardial disease. Although true incidence is difficult to quantify, acute pericarditis is estimated to be present in 1% of adults who present with ST elevation changes on

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#Cardiology

Acute coronary syndrome

By Sama Mohamed

NOTES Overview Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) refers to three states of myocardial ischaemia: unstable angina (UA), non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). ACS is a medical emergency requiring urgent admission. Around 100,000 people are admitted with ACS in the UK each year. Atherosclerosis represents the most significant aetiological factor. Classification ACS is classified into one of three conditions according to clinical features, ECG findings and cardiac enzymes: STEMI: ST-segment elevation or new-onset left bundle branch block and raised troponins. NSTEMI: Non-specific signs of ischaemia or normal ECG, raised troponins. UA: Characteristic clinical features, non-specific signs of ischaemia or normal ECG,

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