health topics

#Phobias

Phobias – an overview

March 17, 2024March 17, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Key facts A phobia is an unreasonable fear of something, either social or specific. Social phobias occur in both males and females, and usually start in the teens but can begin in childhood. Common specific phobias can include fear of certain animals, medical procedures or situations. To be diagnosed as a phobia, a person’s anxiety must not match the danger posed, and it must cause distress that affects their life. Both social and specific phobias usually respond to treatment. What is a phobia? A phobia is an unreasonable fear of something. There are 2 main kinds of phobias. The first

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#Opioid medicines and pain

Common questions about opioid pain medicines Opioids FAQs

March 16, 2024March 16, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Key facts Opioid pain medicines can relieve acute (short-term) pain, chronic (long-term) cancer pain and pain in people receiving palliative care. Opioids are usually not helpful in treating chronic non-cancer pain. Opioid pain medicines can cause drowsiness, nausea and constipation and are dangerous when combined with alcohol or other substances. If you take opioid pain medicines for a long time, you could develop an addiction and find it very difficult to stop taking them. Opioids should be stopped slowly and gradually to avoid withdrawal symptoms. What are opioids? Opioids are a group of strong pain medicines. Opioids reduce the feeling

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#Opioid medicines and pain

Taking opioid medicines safely

March 16, 2024March 16, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Key facts Opioids are pain medicines used for short-term relief of severe pain following surgery or an injury. They also help people manage pain caused by cancer and life limiting diseases. Opioids can cause serious side effects — even when used exactly as recommended by your doctor. Reduce your risk of serious side effects by avoiding alcohol, sedative medicines and illegal drugs if you take prescription opioids. Talk to your doctor as soon as possible if you still have pain while you are taking prescription opioids. What is an opioid? An opioid is a substance that blocks pain messages between

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#Seniors' health

Manage your health in your 70s and older

March 14, 2024March 14, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Key facts Ask your doctor about regular cardiovascular health checks. Go for your cancer screening tests when you get the reminders. Have regular sight and hearing checks and falls risk assessment. Aim for a healthy lifestyle by eating well, being active and limiting alcohol and smoking. Have regular dental check-ups and the recommended vaccinations. Health screening tests If you are in your 70s or older, there are some things you can do to help manage and prevent health conditions that are more common at this age. Talk to your doctor about what tests you need, based on your current health

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#Mouth diseases and conditions

Mouth sores and ulcers – canker sores

March 9, 2024March 9, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Key facts Mouth ulcers are a type of sore which appears on the inside of your mouth. No one knows what causes mouth ulcers, but there are a few factors that can make you more likely to get one. These include stress, hormonal changes and mouth injuries. Most mouth ulcers heal by themselves without treatment within a week or two. Numbing gels and saltwater mouth rinses can help relieve your pain and reduce your chance of infection. See your doctor if your mouth ulcers are very painful or if they keep coming back. What are mouth ulcers? Mouth ulcers, also

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#Personality disorders

Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

March 6, 2024March 6, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

What is complex PTSD? Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that can develop in people who have been through a traumatic event. The event may have threatened their life or safety, or they may have witnessed a serious accident, death or natural disaster. Complex PTSD is a condition that can occur after prolonged and repeated trauma, particularly due to child abuse or domestic violence. Trauma can cause problems with memory and disrupt the development of a person’s identity and their ability to control emotions and form relationships with others. What are the symptoms of complex PTSD? People

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#Memory disorders

Cognitive impairment

March 4, 2024March 4, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Key facts Cognitive impairment is not an illness, but it can signal other medical conditions. Signs of cognitive impairment can include memory loss, mood swings and behavioural changes. There are ways to treat and prevent cognitive impairment and its complications What is cognitive impairment? Cognitive impairment is when you have problems remembering things and solving problems. Cognitive impairment is not an illness. It can be caused by many conditions. You may struggle with: remembering things paying attention speaking or understanding recognising people, places or things experiencing new places and situations — you may become overwhelmed Cognitive impairment can come

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#Medicines information

How to read Consumer Medicine Information (CMI)

March 3, 2024March 3, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

What is a consumer medicine information leaflet? Consumer medicine information (CMI) gives you information about your medicines. The CMI gives you facts you need to know before, during and after taking your medicine. A CMI leaflet gives you information on how to use your medicine safely. For example, it tells you about: who should take the medicine who should not take it how to take the medicine any known side effects other medicines it may interact with Your pharmacist will give you a CMI when you start a new medicine. You can also ask them for the CMI. Pharmaceutical companies

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#Medicines information

Out-of-date medicines

March 3, 2024March 3, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Key facts When the chemicals in medicines breakdown, they can become dangerous. All medicines (including tablets, creams, liquids and others) display their expiry date on their packaging. Don’t keep unused medicines past their expiry dates. Take expired medicines to a pharmacy for safe disposal. Throwing away unwanted medicines in the bin or by flushing down the toilet is dangerous to others, and harmful to the environment. What is an out-of-date medicine? All medications have an expiry date. The expiry date is the point in time when the medication will no longer be as effective as it should be. Medicines should

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#Medicines information #Opioid medicines and pain

Opioids

March 3, 2024March 16, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Key facts Opioids are pain medicines that must be prescribed by a doctor. Opioids are not generally recommended for long-term use, except in people who have cancer or are receiving palliative care. Signs of an opioid overdose include vomiting, breathing problems and unresponsiveness. Naloxone, a medicine that temporarily reverses the effects of an opioid overdose, is available for free as part of the ‘Take Home Naloxone’ program. What are opioids? Opioids are a group of medicines that may be prescribed by a doctor to treat pain. Opioids reduce feelings of pain by interrupting pain signals between the brain and the

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#Medicines information

Diuretic medicines

March 2, 2024March 2, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Key facts Diuretics are medicines that help your kidneys produce more urine, to remove extra fluid in your body. They can lower blood pressure and relieve symptoms of fluid build-up caused by heart, liver or kidney problems. Diuretic medicines can cause an imbalance of fluid and salts in your blood, such as sodium and potassium — see your doctor regularly to make sure your levels are healthy. There are several types of diuretics, such as thiazide, loop and potassium-sparing. Do not stop taking your diuretic or change your dose without your doctor’s advice. What are diuretics? Diuretics are medicines that

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#Medicines information

Accidental overdose of medicine

March 2, 2024March 2, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Key facts Taking the wrong medicine or too much medicine can be dangerous and even life-threatening. The more medicines you take, the higher your risk of an overdose is. When taking a medicine, always follow the instructions of your doctor or pharmacist. It can be dangerous to mix medicines with alcohol. Before you drink alcohol, find out if it’s safe with the medicines you’re taking. What is an accidental overdose of medicine? Taking too much of a medicine is known as an overdose. More Australians are dying from accidentally overdosing on medicines than ever before. Taking too much of a

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#Malabsorption syndromes

Bowel infections

March 1, 2024March 1, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Key facts Bowel infections are caused by microorganisms (‘bugs’, or germs) in the gut, and are sometimes called gastrointestinal infections (gastroenteritis). You can get a bowel infection by consuming contaminated water or food, or by having contact with another person who has the infection. Bowel infections can be caused by viruses (such as the rotavirus), bacteria (e.g. salmonella) and parasites (e.g. giardia). You should see your doctor if symptoms are severe, you have a fever, there’s blood or mucus in you stools (poo), you have signs of dehydration or if diarrhoea has lasted more than 2 or 3 days. What

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#Health topics - Y #Vitamins and minerals

Zinc and your health

March 1, 2024March 8, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Zinc is a mineral that is essential for many of the body’s normal functions and systems. Zinc also supports normal growth and development during pregnancy, childhood and adolescence. Having enough zinc is important for skin health and effective wound healing. Zinc is found in many food sources, but is better absorbed from animal-based foods, so vegans and vegetarians need to be extra careful to ensure they get enough. Too much zinc can cause side effects, so if you decide to take a supplement, don’t take more than 40mg of extra zinc, unless you are advised to by your

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#Men's health

Male pattern baldness

February 29, 2024February 29, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Key facts Male pattern baldness is hair loss and thinning of the hair that affects the hairline and top (crown) of the head. Male pattern baldness is a very common condition, affecting up to 1 in every 2 men over 40 years of age. Male pattern baldness is usually hereditary (genetic) and in most cases, it can’t be prevented. There are a few medical treatments that help to manage male pattern baldness and reduce hair loss. Your doctor can advise whether they are right for you. There are many advertisements for so-called ‘miracle cures’ for baldness. However, these are often

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#Men's health

Cholesterol

February 29, 2024February 29, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Key facts Cholesterol is a type of fat needed to build and repair cells and to make hormones. Cholesterol is made in your liver but is also present in some foods. There are different types of cholesterol — including LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol. Over time, too much LDL cholesterol (or, ‘bad’) cholesterol in your blood can raise your risk of heart attack and stroke. You can lower high cholesterol by making lifestyle changes and often through medicines. What is cholesterol? Cholesterol is a type of fat which is needed by your body to build and repair cells and to

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#Health topics - W #Memory disorders

Wernicke encephalopathy

February 28, 2024March 4, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Wernicke encephalopathy is a type of brain injury. It’s caused by a lack of thiamine (vitamin B1). If not treated quickly, Wernicke encephalopathy can lead to permanent brain damage. What is Wernicke encephalopathy? Wernicke (or Wernicke’s) encephalopathy is a type of brain injury. It is a medical emergency. If not treated quickly, it can lead to permanent brain damage. What are the symptoms of Wernicke encephalopathy? Symptoms can vary, but often include problems with your: eyes, such as jerky movements, double vision or drooping eyelids balance, such as when trying to stand movement, such as difficulty walking normally mind, such as

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#Infectious diseases

Worms in humans

February 28, 2024February 28, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

What is worm infection in humans? Many types of worm can cause problems in humans. In Australia, worms that may infect people include: threadworms tapeworms whipworms hookworms Strongyloides These intestinal worms are parasites – they survive by living in another living thing (the host) and getting their food from it. What are the symptoms of a worm infection? A person with intestinal worms may not have any symptoms, but threadworms (Enterobius vermicularis), the most common worm infection in Australia, often do cause symptoms. A person with threadworms (also known as pinworms) may have an itchy bottom or redness and scratch

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#Hormones

Oestrogen

February 25, 2024February 25, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Key facts Oestrogen is one of the main female sex hormones. It is needed for puberty, the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, bone strength and other functions of the body. Oestrogen levels vary throughout the menstrual cycle and fall after menopause. Having too much oestrogen can increase your risk of blood clots and stroke. Having too little oestrogen can increase your risk of weak bones and menopause symptoms. Some medicines contain oestrogen, such as the combined oral contraceptive pill and some types of menopause treatment. High levels of oestrogen can increase your risk of breast cancer, however the added risk from taking

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#Hormones

Endocrine glands and their hormones

February 25, 2024February 25, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Key facts There are many endocrine glands in your body that release different hormones. Many of these glands are controlled by the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland (also known as the master gland) in your brain. There are many medical conditions that can affect your glands and cause hormonal problems. What is the hormonal system? The hormonal system (also called the endocrine system) has various glands that release different hormones. Hormones are like the body’s communication system. They take messages from one part of your body (the gland) to another part of your body (the target cell). What are endocrine

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#Health topics - V #Vitamins and minerals

Vitamin K

February 24, 2024March 7, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Vitamin K is important because it helps the liver make proteins that allow blood to clot. Vitamin K deficiency is rare — adults usually have enough vitamin K because normal bacteria in the gut produce it, and it is also in the fat of many commonly available foods. Not having enough vitamin K in the body can make you bruise or bleed more easily than usual. A blood test can confirm vitamin K deficiency. If you are deficient in vitamin K, your doctor will prescribe vitamin K supplements. Why is vitamin K important? Vitamin K is important because

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#Health topics - V #Vitamins and minerals

Vitamin E

February 24, 2024March 7, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Vitamin E is the name given to a group of vitamins found in a wide variety of oily foods. Vitamin E helps maintain a healthy immune system, healthy vision and skin. Vitamin E deficiency is uncommon since you only need to consume a small amount in your diet to stay healthy. High-dose vitamin E supplements can build up in your body and this can be harmful. What is vitamin E? Vitamin E is the name given to a group of 8 vitamins. It is also known as tocopherol. The most important role of vitamin E is as an

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#Health topics - V #Vitamins and minerals

Vitamin D

February 24, 2024March 7, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Vitamin D maintains bone health. This vitamin helps your body to absorb dietary calcium. It also regulates the amount of calcium in your blood and strengthens your bones. People get most of their vitamin D from the sun. If you don’t spend time outdoors or are mostly covered up when outdoors, you may need a vitamin D supplement. What is vitamin D? Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is very important for bone health. It helps your body to absorb calcium from food. It also regulates the amount of calcium in your blood and strengthens your skeleton.

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#Health topics - V #Vitamins and minerals

Vitamin C

February 24, 2024March 7, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Vitamin C is found in many different fruits and vegetables, especially leafy greens and citrus. Vitamin C helps your body absorb iron and copper. If you don’t reach your recommended dietary intake (RDI) of vitamin C through food consumption, supplements can help. If you take vitamin C supplements, always follow the directions on the packaging, since too much can be harmful. What is vitamin C? Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid or ascorbate, is a natural antioxidant that can be found in a variety of fresh foods and is essential to keeping you healthy and your body functioning well.

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#Health topics - V #Vitamins and minerals

Vitamin B

February 24, 2024March 7, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Vitamin B is considered an essential vitamin. Different types of vitamin B help to keep you healthy. Vitamin B is naturally found in animal-based foods (chicken, fish, meats and dairy), bread, leafy vegetables and nuts. What is vitamin B? Vitamin B is a group of vitamins that help your body’s metabolism function better. The B group of vitamins include thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7), folate (B9) and cobalamin (B12). The ‘B-group’ or ‘B-complex’ of vitamins make up 8 out of 13 essential vitamins and are all water-soluble (dissolves in water). This means that they

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#Health topics - V #Vitamins and minerals

Vitamin A

February 24, 2024March 7, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts There are several different forms of vitamin A. Vitamin A is found in meat, eggs and dairy products. Vitamin A supports immunity, eyesight and reproduction. If you take vitamin A supplements, follow the directions on the packet since too much can be harmful — unless you have a medically diagnosed deficiency. What is vitamin A? Vitamin A is an essential fat-soluble vitamin. You may recognise names such as retinol, retinal, retinoic acid or retinyl ester — these are all forms of vitamin A. Some animal products have preformed vitamin A (also known as retinol). Some fruits and vegetables

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#Herpesvirus infections #Mouth diseases and conditions

Cold sores

February 24, 2024March 9, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Key facts Cold sores are small blisters, usually near the mouth. Cold sores are caused by the herpes simplex virus. Cold sores should heal on their own within 2 weeks. You can’t cure cold sores, but medicines can help ease the symptoms. Cold sores don’t cause complications in most people, but newborn babies and people with weakened immune systems have a higher risk. What are cold sores? Cold sores are small blister-like spots that appear in or around the outside of the mouth and are caused by infection with the herpes simplex virus. There is no cure for cold sores,

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#Health topics - V #Herpesvirus infections #Infectious diseases

Varicella

February 21, 2024February 26, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Chickenpox is a very contagious infection caused by the varicella zoster virus. The most common symptom of chickenpox is an itchy red rash with fluid-filled blisters. Most cases of chickenpox are mild and get better on their own. Serious complications of chickenpox include infected blisters, pneumonia and meningitis. Vaccination is the best way to protect yourself against chickenpox. Chickenpox (varicella) What is chickenpox? Chickenpox is a very contagious infection caused by the varicella zoster virus. Chickenpox can affect anyone at any age. Most people with chickenpox have mild symptoms and get better quickly. In rare cases, the virus can cause

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#Health topics - U #Malabsorption syndromes

Ulcerative colitis

February 18, 2024March 1, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a type of inflammatory bowel disease. Ulcerative colitis is an autoimmune condition — this means that it’s caused by a problem with your immune system. Symptoms can include abdominal (tummy) pain, diarrhoea and blood and mucus in your stool (poo). Treatments are available to reduce the inflammation, treat your symptoms and help prevent complications. What is ulcerative colitis? Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease. It’s sometimes referred to simply as ‘colitis’. Ulcerative colitis causes inflammation in your large bowel and rectum. This can lead to symptoms such as abdominal pain and diarrhoea.

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#Healthy lifestyle

Weight loss and dieting

February 17, 2024February 17, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

What is a diet? A diet involves eating a certain selection of food, usually to improve your health, regulate your weight or cure a disease. New diets, programs and books on losing weight appear every day. While many Australians need to lose a few kilos, it’s important to follow an eating and exercise plan that you can maintain. The plan needs to help you stay healthy for the long term. Nearly 2 in 3 Australians are overweight or obese. Carrying extra weight increases your risk of chronic diseases like heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes and some cancers. If you

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#Hair problems

Hair transplant

February 17, 2024February 17, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

What is a hair transplant? Hair transplantation is a treatment option for men or women concerned about thinning hair or baldness. It is cosmetic surgery that transfers hair from where it is thicker to hairless areas of the scalp. Multiple transplant sessions are usually needed and this can be expensive. However, results are usually good and are permanent. How can I prepare for a hair transplant? Tell your surgeon about any past illnesses or medical conditions you have had, and any medications you take (including over the counter items and herbal remedies). Some medications increase the risk of bleeding. You

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#Genetic disorders

Williams syndrome

February 16, 2024February 16, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

What is Williams syndrome? Williams syndrome is a genetic condition present from birth that occurs because a small piece of chromosome 7 does not form properly after conception. Williams syndrome can’t be cured, but treatment can help manage the symptoms, especially if started early. What are the symptoms of Williams syndrome? Williams syndrome can cause delays in a child’s development and learning. They can have problems with: speech, with the first word coming as late as 3 years of age motor skills such as walking and toilet training doing activities such as drawing or puzzles However, children with Williams syndrome

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#Health topics - T #Metabolic diseases

Type 2 diabetes

February 16, 2024March 9, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Type 2 diabetes develops when the body does not make enough insulin or it does not respond to it effectively. You need insulin to process the glucose in your food to give you energy. Symptoms include feeling tired, hungry or thirsty, and passing more urine. Lack of physical activity, being overweight and a poor diet increase the risk of type 2 diabetes. Keeping active, with a healthy diet and weight, can help prevent or delay it. What is type 2 diabetes? Type 2 diabetes develops when the body does not use insulin efficiently and gradually loses the

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#Health topics - T #Metabolic diseases

Type 1 diabetes

February 16, 2024March 8, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Diabetes is a condition that occurs when the body cannot maintain healthy levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood. Type 1 diabetes is diabetes caused by the immune system attacking and destroying the cells in the pancreas that normally produce insulin. If you develop type 1 diabetes, you will experience symptoms of high blood sugar (hyperglycaemia) including thirst, frequent urination, unexplained weight loss and fatigue. Type 1 diabetes cannot be cured but it can be managed with insulin injections and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. What is type 1 diabetes? Diabetes is a condition that occurs when the body

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#Health topics - T #Seniors' health

Trips (falls)

February 16, 2024March 14, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts 1 in 4 people who are aged 65 and over have at least 1 fall per year. Falls are often due to gradual physical changes that affect the way we move, or hazards in and around the home. Falls can cause hip fractures and other serious injuries that may need longer hospital care and have long term effects. There are many things you can do to reduce your chance of having a fall. It is important to see your doctor if you have had a fall, even if you were not injured. Why are falls a particular concern

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#Hair problems #Health topics - T

Trichotillomania

February 16, 2024February 17, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Trichotillomania is a condition where people feel a strong urge to pull out their hair. Pulling hair out can temporarily release tension, giving a feeling of relief. You may find that stress triggers your hair-pulling, or you may do it when you feel relaxed. Trichotillomania can cause thinning hair or bald spots and other physical and psychological symptoms. Trichotillomania can be treated with psychological therapies, specifically cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), or other behaviour change strategies. What is trichotillomania? Trichotillomania is a condition where people feel the need to pull out their hair. It is a mental health disorder

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#Health topics - T #Parasite conditions

Trichomoniasis

February 16, 2024March 17, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by a parasite. It can be passed on during unprotected sex or from sharing damp towels. Symptoms include vaginal or penile discharge and pain urinating. Trichomoniasis is treated with antibiotics. All recent sexual partners should receive treatment. What is trichomoniasis? Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by a parasite called trichomonas vaginalis. In Australia, it is more common in people from regional and remote areas and less common in urban areas. Trichomoniasis can affect females and males. How can I catch trichomoniasis? You usually catch trichomoniasis during unprotected vaginal sex

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#Gastrointestinal illnesses #Infectious diseases

Vomiting

February 11, 2024February 28, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Key facts Vomiting is a reflex that helps the body get rid of substances that may be harmful. Gastroenteritis — an infection of the digestive tract — is one of the most common causes of nausea and sudden vomiting. If vomiting is caused by an infection, such as gastroenteritis or food poisoning, it can often be managed at home if you stay hydrated. Vomiting due to viral gastroenteritis usually clears up without any specific treatment within 2 days Ongoing or recurrent episodes of vomiting should be investigated by your doctor. What is vomiting? Vomiting is the forceful ejection of the

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#Gastrointestinal illnesses #Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

Ulcerative colitis

February 11, 2024February 26, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

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#First aid advice

How to use an adrenaline autoinjector ?

February 11, 2024February 11, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Key facts An adrenaline autoinjector can save the life of someone who is having a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis). They are designed to administer a single, fixed dose of adrenaline to treat anaphylaxis. Adrenaline autoinjectors are designed to be given by anyone, including people who are not medically trained. The two brands of adrenaline autoinjector available in Australia are EpiPen™ and Anapen™. If you have a known allergy, it’s important to always carry 2 adrenaline autoinjectors, together with your ASCIA allergy action plan and a medical alert device. What is an adrenaline autoinjector? Adrenaline autoinjectors are used to treat severe

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#First aid advice

How to perform CPR

February 10, 2024February 10, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

What is CPR? CPR (short for cardiopulmonary resuscitation) is a first aid technique that can be used if someone is not breathing properly or if their heart has stopped. CPR is a skill that everyone can learn — you don’t need to be a health professional to do it. Try to stay calm if you need to do CPR. Performing CPR may save a person’s life. If you know CPR, you might save the life of a family member or friend. Start CPR as soon as possible CPR involves chest compressions and mouth-to-mouth (rescue breaths) that help circulate blood and

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#Health topics - T #Opioid medicines and pain

Tramadol (active ingredient)

February 10, 2024March 16, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Tramadol is an opioid medicine used for the short-term relief of moderate to severe pain. It is not usually recommended for the treatment of chronic (long-term) pain. Tramadol is only available with a prescription from your doctor. If you stop taking tramadol suddenly, you may experience withdrawal symptoms, so ask your doctor how to reduce your dose safely. What is tramadol? Tramadol is an opioid medicine only available with a prescription from your doctor. What is tramadol used for? Tramadol is used for the short-term relief of severe pain. It should only be used when other forms of non-opioid pain

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#Health topics - T #Parasite conditions

Toxoplasmosis

February 10, 2024March 17, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

What is toxoplasmosis? Toxoplasmosis is a very common disease caused by a parasite. You can have toxoplasmosis and have no symptoms. If you’re pregnant, it can harm your baby. What are the symptoms of toxoplasmosis? You can have toxoplasmosis and have no symptoms. You might feel like you have the flu, with fever, swollen glands, headaches, fatigue or muscle pains. It can last for months. Some people get seriously ill with it. It can affect their eyes, brain or other organs. If it affects your eyes, you might notice your vision is blurry or that your eyes are red, sore or watering. If have

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#Health topics - T #Infectious diseases

Tonsillitis

February 10, 2024February 28, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Tonsillitis is inflammation (swelling) of the tonsils. It can be caused by viruses or bacteria. Symptoms include a sore throat, trouble swallowing, fever, headache, and swollen lymph glands. Tonsillitis is more common in children than in adults. What is tonsillitis? Tonsillitis is inflammation of your tonsils. The tonsils are glands found at both sides of the back of your throat. Your tonsils are part of your immune system and help protect your body against infection. Tonsillitis makes your tonsils swollen and sore. It is most common in children. Adults can get tonsilitis, but it is not common. The tonsils are

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#Health topics - T #Mouth diseases and conditions

Tongue-tie division (infant)

February 10, 2024March 9, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

What is a tongue-tie? As a baby develops in the womb, the tongue separates from the floor of the mouth. A tongue-tie happens when the tongue does not separate enough. Some tongue-ties are thin while others may be chunky. Some tongue-ties do not cause problems — babies can feed and older children can talk normally. Other tongue-ties do cause problems. What are the benefits of tongue-tie division? Your baby should be able to feed better and their oral hygiene should improve. A tongue-tie. Are there any alternatives to tongue-tie division? Some tongue-ties divide on their own or tear on the lower teeth

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#Fungal infections #Health topics - T

Toenail infection

February 10, 2024February 11, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Toenail infections are common and are caused by a fungus, which often spreads from tinea on your foot. If your toenail is infected it may look thickened, crumbly and discoloured and the nail may be destroyed if the infection is not treated. Most toenail infections need to be treated with oral antifungal medicine for several months, as creams don’t usually work. You can prevent fungal toenail infections by keeping your feet clean and dry, wearing shoes that allow air flow and not walking barefoot in public pools and showers. Paronychia is an infection of the skin next to

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#Vaginal problems

Vaginal and groin irritation and infection

February 10, 2024February 10, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Irritation of the vulva and vagina is quite common and most women will experience it at least once in their lives. There is delicate skin around the groin, vulva and inside the vagina, making these areas vulnerable to a wide range of conditions that can cause irritation. (Vulva is the general name given to the external parts of the female genitals.) What causes vulva and vagina irritation? Many things can cause irritation including: an imbalance of the bacteria and microorganisms that normally live inside the vagina lubricants and spermicides and latex products used during sex, such as condoms Bartholin’s cysts

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#Vaginal problems

Vaginal dryness

February 10, 2024February 10, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Vaginal dryness can be problem for women at all ages, but it is more common in older women, particularly after menopause. Talk to your doctor about what you can do to relieve vaginal dryness. What is vaginal dryness? Vaginal dryness is when the normal moisture is missing from the vagina. It is a common problem that causes burning, itching, pain or lack of lubrication during sex. Any woman can be affected by vaginal dryness, although it is most common in women who have experienced the menopause. It affects over half of women aged after menopause. Around a quarter of women

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#Vaginal problems

Vaginal discharge

February 10, 2024February 10, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Every woman has some vaginal discharge. It is normal and needed: it keeps your vulva and vagina moist and keeps infections away. This is because normal vaginal discharge is slightly acidic, which repels germs. Normal vaginal discharge is mainly a combination of dead cells and vaginal bacteria. Normal discharge will change in appearance throughout your cycle. What is normal vaginal discharge? Typical vaginal discharge does not have an offensive smell and does not cause any irritation. It’s quite likely that you won’t even know you have any discharge until you see some in your underwear. It is usually clear or

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#Pregnancy

Planning for your pregnancy

February 10, 2024February 10, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

If you are thinking about pregnancy, visit your doctor for a preconception consult. They will provide you with expert advice on planning your pregnancy. The preconception period (3 to 6 months prior to pregnancy) is the time to make life changes that can help boost fertility, reduce problems during pregnancy and assist in recovery from birth. Folic acid If you and your partner are planning to conceive, you should start taking a folic and iodine supplement before you get pregnant. Folic acid helps to provide the best health outcomes for your baby when they are growing. Taking folic acid daily

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#Pregnancy

Giving birth – contractions

February 10, 2024February 10, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Key facts Contractions are when the muscles of your uterus (womb) tighten and then relax during labour. They help open the cervix and move the baby down the birth canal. Braxton Hicks contractions are practice contractions that don’t open the cervix. You can take a warm bath or shower or use a heat pack to relieve the discomfort of contractions. If you are giving birth in a hospital or birth centre, you may be offered medicines or epidural anaesthesia to help ease any discomfort. What is a contraction? Contractions refer to when the muscles in your uterus (womb) tighten and

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#Period problems

Toxic shock syndrome

February 10, 2024February 10, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

What is toxic shock syndrome? Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a very rare but serious illness caused when toxins are released into the bloodstream from bacteria. The toxins can cause symptoms of shock and can also damage organs and body tissue, which can cause death if left untreated. It is often caused by staphylococcus aureus (staph) bacteria. TSS can affect anyone. It is more common among women when they are menstruating, but there is no evidence that tampons cause TSS. What are the symptoms of toxic shock syndrome? TSS can cause a number of symptoms, including: diarrhoea a sudden high

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#Period problems

Managing period pain

February 9, 2024February 10, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Key facts Period pain is common and can feel different from person to person. Heat packs, exercise and relaxation may help you manage period pain. Pain relieving medicines, hormonal treatments and other pain relief techniques can help. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist for advice. In some people, period pain is caused by an underlying health condition. Treating the underlying condition can relieve the pain. See your doctor if your pain changes, doesn’t respond to treatment or stops you doing your usual activities. What does period pain feel like? Period pain, also called dysmenorrhoea, is common. It can prevent some

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#Fungal infections #Health topics - T

Tinea

February 8, 2024February 11, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Tinea is a fungal infection found in moist, warm parts of the body. Examples of types of tinea include athlete’s foot, ringworm and jock itch. Symptoms of tinea include a red flaky rash that can crack, split and peel, plus blistering and itching. Tinea can affect anyone, but is common among sportspeople and those who share communal change rooms. Tinea is often treated with anti-fungal medicines, usually a cream, and can be prevented with good hygiene. What is tinea? Tinea is a common and contagious fungal skin or nail infection. The tinea fungus thrives in warm, moist environments,

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#Health topics - T #Parasite conditions

Tick bites

February 8, 2024March 17, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Ticks are parasites that feed on human and animal blood. Tick bites are usually harmless, but sometimes they can cause an allergic reaction or serious illness. If you aren’t allergic to tick bites, you should kill the tick as soon as possible with an ether-containing product and allow it to drop off by itself. You should not squeeze, agitate or forcibly remove the tick. If you allergic to tick bites, you should seek medical attention urgently after a tick bite. What are ticks? Ticks are parasites that feed on human and animal blood. A tick bite is usually

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#Health topics - T #Hormones

Thyroid gland

February 8, 2024February 25, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Your thyroid is a small, bow-shaped gland that sits in the front of your neck. Your thyroid gland makes 3 thyroid hormones: thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and calcitonin. Thyroid problems, such as an overactive or underactive thyroid, are common. What is the thyroid gland? Your thyroid is a small, bow-shaped gland. It sits in the front of your neck, just below your Adam’s apple. What does my thyroid gland do? Your thyroid gland makes 3 hormones: thyroxine (T4) triiodothyronine (T3) calcitonin Thyroxine (T4) is the main hormone made in your thyroid. Thyroxine is changed into triiodothyronine (the active thyroid

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#A guide to hay fever #Health topics - T

Thunderstorm asthma

February 8, 2024February 17, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

What is thunderstorm asthma? Thunderstorm asthma is triggered by a mixture of grass pollen in the air and thunderstorm conditions. It happens when pollen grains are drawn up into the clouds as a thunderstorm forms. The pollen grains absorb water, swell and burst open. Particles containing pollen allergens are released. The wind can push these tiny particles down to ground level where they can be breathed into the lungs. Thunderstorm asthma usually affects people in the windy period before the rain starts. It usually happens in spring and early summer. Even people who have never had asthma before can get thunderstorm asthma.

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#Fungal infections #Health topics - T #Sexual health #Vaginal problems

Vaginal thrush

February 8, 2024February 18, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

What is vaginal thrush? Vaginal thrush is a common yeast infection caused by the candida species of fungus. It is easily treated and can be prevented. It is also called vaginal candidiasis. Thrush occurs in many areas of the body, but especially in the vagina, anus and mouth. Vaginal thrush can affect women of any age, although it is more common in women between the ages of 15 and 50 years old. It is unusual in girls who have not yet begun their periods and in older women after menopause. What are the symptoms of vaginal thrush? The most common symptoms are itchiness,

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#Health topics - T #Parasite conditions

Threadworms (pinworms)

February 7, 2024March 17, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Threadworms are tiny white worms that can live in your intestines. They are most common in children, and cause itching around the anal area. You can catch threadworm if you get worm eggs on your hands and put your hands in your mouth. You can treat threadworm with a single dose of medicine available over-the-counter from the pharmacy. To prevent the spread of threadworm, treat the whole family at the same time and encourage good hygiene. What are threadworms? Threadworms, also called pinworms, are tiny parasites that grow to about 1cm in length and look like tiny pieces

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#Health topics - T #Hormones

testosterone

February 7, 2024February 25, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Testosterone is a hormone that regulates sex drive and bone strength, and helps make sperm. Testosterone levels vary greatly depending on your sex, age and health. Low testosterone levels can be due to a problem with your testes or pituitary gland, obesity, some health conditions or the normal process of ageing. If your testosterone levels are low, you may notice changes in your sex drive, erections, mood, sleep, energy levels and muscle strength. You may need testosterone replacement therapy to increase your testosterone levels. Living a healthy lifestyle can also help. What is testosterone? Testosterone is a sex

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#A guide to hay fever #Health topics - T

Testing for allergy

February 7, 2024February 17, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts An allergy can occur when your immune system reacts to substances (called allergens) that are harmless for most people. An allergic reaction can cause mild symptoms, such as a runny nose or itchy eyes, but some people experience a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis), which is a medical emergency. Allergies can also trigger conditions such as asthma, hay fever and eczema. Allergy testing can help your doctor understand if an allergy is causing your symptoms. Common allergy tests include skin prick testing and blood tests. What is an allergy? An allergy can be triggered if your immune system reacts to substances (called allergens)

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#Genetic disorders #Health topics - T #Metabolic diseases

Tay-Sachs disease

February 7, 2024March 8, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

What is Tay-Sachs disease? Tay-Sachs disease is a genetic disorder that causes permanent brain damage. Tay-Sachs disease is more common in people of Ashkenazi Jewish heritage, a group of people whose heritage is from central and eastern Europe. About 1 in 25 members of this community carry the gene for Tay-Sachs disease. What are the types of Tay-Sachs disease? There are 2 main types of Tay-Sachs disease — the infantile form, which is far more common, and the late-onset form. What are the symptoms of Tay-Sachs disease? Children with Tay-Sachs disease are healthy when they are born but start developing

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#Health topics - T #Parasite conditions

Tapeworm

February 7, 2024March 17, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Tapeworms (taeniasis) are a type of parasite that live in the intestines of animals. Humans can become infected by eating or drinking tapeworm eggs or larvae (immature tapeworms) in contaminated meat or water. People with tapeworm infection often have no symptoms, but if you do have symptoms, they will depend on the type of tapeworm you have and where it is in your body. Tapeworm infection can be diagnosed with a stool (poo) sample and/or a blood test. Tapeworm infection is usually treated with medicine. What is worm infection in humans? Many types of worm can cause

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#Health topics - T #Opioid medicines and pain

Tapentadol

February 7, 2024March 16, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Tapentadol is an opioid pain-relief medicine that can only be prescribed by your doctor. Tapentadol is prescribed for relief of severe pain, where other pain medicines have not been effective or cannot be used. Suddenly stopping tapentadol can cause withdrawal symptoms. Always take tapentadol exactly as prescribed by your doctor to reduce the risk of harmful side effects and dependence. What is tapentadol? Tapentadol is an opioid medicine your doctor can prescribe to treat severe pain, only available with a prescription from your doctor. What forms of tapentadol are available? Tapentadol is available as an oral tablet. Some forms of

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#First aid advice #Health topics - S

Swallowed substance (swallowed)

February 5, 2024February 11, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Common household and garden products can be swallowed by accident. If you suspect that someone has taken an overdose of medicine or has swallowed a poisonous substance, get medical help immediately — this is an emergency. Store all medicines, chemicals and cleaning products in a high, locked cupboard out of sight and reach of children to prevent poisoning in children. If you suspect that the poisoning was not the result of an accident and that it was done on purpose, seek help from a healthcare professional as soon as possible. Which substances often get swallowed? Common household and

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#First aid advice #Health topics - S

Swallowed object (swallowed accidentally)

February 5, 2024February 11, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Sometimes people accidentally swallow something they shouldn’t. Some swallowed objects can progress through the body without a problem and can pass in stools (poo), but some objects can be very dangerous if they are swallowed. Objects that are particularly dangerous when swallowed including button batteries — these can cause serious injury or death. Other objects that are very dangerous to swallow include large and sharp objects, magnets and objects made of lead. What is a swallowed object? A swallowed object usually refers to an item that you should not have swallowed. Healthcare professionals may call it a suspected

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#Health checks for women

Breast checks to detect breast cancer

February 4, 2024February 4, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Key facts Make checking your breasts part of your everyday routines such as getting dressed or showering. You should be aware of the usual look and feel of your breasts so you can detect any changes. The earlier you get treatment for breast cancer, the better your chances of surviving the disease. Females aged 50–74 years should get regular mammograms to help maximise their chances of finding breast cancer early. Not every lump is a cancer. Discuss any changes with your doctor as soon as possible. Why should I check my breasts regularly? Checking your breasts regularly is the best

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#Female sexual problems #Vaginal problems

Vaginismus

February 4, 2024February 10, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Vaginismus causes the muscles around the vagina to tighten involuntarily. This can cause some pain and discomfort. Vaginismus can occur whether you have had sex or not. Vaginismus usually occurs when the genital area is touched. This can be before sexual intercourse, before trying to insert a tampon, or during a gynaecological examination, for example. What are the causes of vaginismus? There are several possible causes of vaginismus. These include physical and psychological factors, such as: trauma during childbirth medical conditions like recurrent UTIs, yeast infections (thrush), chronic pain syndromes, endometriosis rape, sexual abuse or assault in the past a

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#Female sexual problems #Vaginal problems

Vaginal bleeding

February 4, 2024February 10, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Key facts Vaginal bleeding normally occurs about once a month during your menstrual period. Bleeding between periods can also happen. See your doctor if you have heavy periods, bleeding between periods, bleeding after sex or bleeding after menopause. What is vaginal bleeding? Most females experience vaginal bleeding each month during their menstrual periods. Periods last an average of 5 days, but can last for up to 8 days. Bleeding from the vagina is also possible at other times. If you notice blood coming from your vagina at other times, or you are bleeding during your period in a way which

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#Eye diseases

Uveitis

February 4, 2024February 4, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

What is uveitis? Uveitis is a term for a group of conditions that cause inflammation in the eye. It is most often caused by an autoimmune response, but it can be due to an infection. Uveitis is the name given when the middle layer of the wall of your eye gets inflamed (red and sore). The middle layer is called the ‘uvea’. It is found under the white outside layer of the eye (called the ‘sclera’). You can get different types of uveitis. These are: anterior uveitis – this affects the iris in the front of the eye intermediate uveitis

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#Eye diseases

Twitching eye

February 4, 2024February 4, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

What is twitching eye? A ‘twitching eye’ or an ‘eye twitch’ are terms that describe muscle spasms in the eyelid. Most of the time these are mild and go away on their own A twitching eye happens when the muscles in the eyelid contract (spasm) without someone’s control. What causes twitching eye? Numerous factors can cause eye twitches, including stress, fatigue, bright lights, irritation of the eye or inner eyelids, smoking, pollution, and excess caffeine or alcohol. These sorts of twitches usually go away on their own. Eye twitches can remain for longer than a week or become more serious,

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#Eye diseases

Trachoma

February 4, 2024February 4, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Key facts Trachoma is a preventable eye infection you can catch from contact with fluid from the eyes and nose of infected people. Active trachoma can cause red, sticky eyes Sometimes children can have no symptoms. Repeated infection can cause visual impairment, including blindness if left untreated. Trachoma can be treated with a single dose of antibiotic and prevented with good hygiene. What is trachoma? Trachoma is a preventable eye infection caused by the bacterium chlamydia trachomatis. If not treated, this infection can cause your eyelids to turn inwards. This causes trichiasis – when your eyelashes rub on your eyeball,

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#Refractive errors

Short-sightedness (myopia)

February 4, 2024February 4, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

What is short-sightedness? Short-sightedness (also known as myopia) is a common eye condition that causes distant objects to appear blurred. Someone with myopia can achieve good vision with prescription glasses, contact lenses or laser surgery. Short-sightedness usually first appears in childhood. How is short-sightedness caused? When light enters the eye, it is bent by the cornea (the clear layer on the front of the eye) and the lens. If you have normal vision, the light waves are brought into focus right on the retina, the layer at the back of the eye. If you are short-sighted, the light waves from

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#Refractive errors

Long-sightedness (hyperopia)

February 4, 2024February 4, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

What is long-sightedness? Long-sightedness (also known as hyperopia) is a common eye condition that can be hard to detect. It makes close objects appear blurry, or you might be able to focus clearly but get tired eyes or headaches. For people with significant long-sightedness, vision can be blurry for things in the distance as well. How is long-sightedness caused? The size and shape of the eye largely causes long-sightedness. When light enters the eye, it is bent by the cornea, the clear layer on the front of the eye, and the lens. This process is known as refraction. If you

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#Health topics - S #Medicines information

Sunscreen

February 3, 2024March 3, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Sunscreen is a cream or lotion used to help protect your skin from the damaging effects of the sun. Sunscreen should be applied 20 minutes before going out into the sun and should be reapplied every 2 hours. Use sunscreen that is SPF 30 or above, broad spectrum and waterproof whenever the UV radiation level is at 3 or above. Apply generous amounts of sunscreen to any part of your body that is exposed to the sun. See your doctor if you notice any skin changes that may suggest a skin cancer. What is sunscreen? Sunscreen is a

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#Accidents and injuries #Health topics - S

Subdural haematoma

February 3, 2024February 28, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

What is a subdural haematoma? A subdural haematoma is a collection of blood between the surface of the brain and the skull. It is an emergency condition that can result from a head injury. Subdural haematoma types Subdural haematomas are classified according to the length of time since the event that caused them. They can be: acute (less than 2 days) subacute (2 to 14 days) chronic (more than 14 days) Some people with chronic subdural haematoma have had only a mild head injury or no head injury that they can recall. What are the symptoms of a subdural haematoma?

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#Eye diseases #Health topics - S

Stye

February 3, 2024February 4, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

What is a stye? A stye (hordeolum) is a small, painful lump on the outside or inside of your eyelid. Styes often look like pimples. A stye may be a different colour to the rest of your skin due to swelling. If a stye eye has a white spot in the middle, this means there is pus inside. The stye may feel sore and tender. It may cause your eye to water. Chalazion cysts are another type of lump that can be found on the eyelid. These are not painful. What causes a stye? Styes are quite common. They are caused

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#Fitness and exercise #Health topics - S

Strength training for beginners

January 27, 2024February 4, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Strength training is any form of exercise involving weights or resistance. Strength training builds strength in your muscles and protects your bones and joints. This type of training should be part of your weekly exercise program. Strength training reduces your risk of heart disease, diabetes and improves your mental health and wellbeing. Seek advice from a doctor or an exercise professional before you start strength training. What is strength training? Strength training is any form of exercise that involves using weights or resistance to build strength in your muscles. Strength training is also known as resistance training. Strength training involves you

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#Health topics - S #Medicines information

Statins

January 27, 2024March 3, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Statins are a group of prescription medicines used to lower cholesterol — there are many examples, including atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin and pravastatin. They reduce how much cholesterol your body produces, so it doesn’t build up in your blood vessels. Statins can lower your risk of a heart attack or stroke and are recommended for anyone who is at high risk. To lower your risk, it’s important to maintain a healthy lifestyle as well as taking statins. With statins, there is a small risk of diabetes and a very small risk of serious muscle problems. What are statins? Statins

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#Health topics - S #Infectious diseases

Staph infections

January 25, 2024February 28, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Staphylococcus (staph) bacteria are a common type of bacteria, which don’t usually cause any harm. There are many different types of staph infection. Your symptoms will depend on the type of infection that you’ve got. Most staph skin infections are treated with antibiotic medicine. Good hygiene can help prevent staph infections. What is a staph infection? Staphylococcus (staph) bacteria cause staph infections. Staph bacteria are a common type of bacteria. They don’t usually cause any harm. They’re also known as ‘golden staph’. There are different types of staph bacteria. Staph bacteria are often found on your skin or

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#Health topics - S #Infectious diseases

Sore throat

January 21, 2024February 28, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts A sore throat, or pharyngitis, is when the throat is red, swollen and painful, especially when you swallow. The most common cause of a sore throat is a virus, but some sore throats are caused by the bacteria streptococcus pyogenes — this is a ‘group A streptococcus‘, sometimes called ‘strep A’. There is no way to cure a sore throat that is caused by a virus. If the sore throat is caused by bacteria, you may benefit from antibiotics. Sometimes, when the sore throat is caused by strep A, complications can occur, including an abscess at the back

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#Health topics - S #Infectious diseases

Sinusitis

January 20, 2024February 28, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Sinusitis is an inflammation of the hollow spaces in the skull between/behind the eyes, forehead and cheeks. Symptoms of sinusitis may include nasal discharge and obstruction, changes in smell and facial pain or pressure — symptoms may worsen when bending over or radiate to your teeth. Sinusitis is usually caused by a bacterial infection following a viral infection such as the common cold. You doctor can usually diagnose sinusitis by talking to you about your symptoms and by examining you. To treat sinusitis your doctor may prescribe medicines including regular pain relief, a saline nasal spray, a nasal

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#Health topics - S #Herpesvirus infections #Infectious diseases #Nervous system diseases

Shingles

January 19, 2024March 9, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Shingles is an infection that causes a painful, blistering rash. It is most common in people over 50 years. Shingles can be treated with antiviral medicine. You can’t catch shingles from someone who has shingles, but you can get chickenpox from someone who has shingles if you have never had chickenpox or the chickenpox vaccine. The shingles vaccine helps prevent you from getting shingles. What is shingles? Shingles is a viral infection that causes a painful, blistering rash. Who can get shingles? You can only get shingles if you have had chickenpox. It’s possible to have had chickenpox

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#Health topics - S #Seniors' health

Seniors (eye health)

January 18, 2024March 14, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Many eye conditions are more common in older people. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle can help you keep good vision into older age. Optometrists are trained health professionals who can assess the health of your eyes and prescribe corrective lenses if needed. Regular visits to your optometrist are important to help identify and treat problems before they cause permanent vision loss. Eye conditions that are detected early may be easier to treat. Eye-health tips for over-60s Many people associate older age with poorer vision. It’s true that there are many eye conditions which are more common in older age.

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#Health topics - S #Women's health

Self-examination (breasts)

January 18, 2024February 4, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Make checking your breasts part of your everyday routines such as getting dressed or showering. You should be aware of the usual look and feel of your breasts so you can detect any changes. The earlier you get treatment for breast cancer, the better your chances of surviving the disease. Females aged 50–74 years should get regular mammograms to help maximise their chances of finding breast cancer early. Not every lump is a cancer. Discuss any changes with your doctor as soon as possible. Breast checks to detect breast cancer Why should I check my breasts regularly? Checking

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#Fungal infections #Hair problems #Health topics - S

Seborrhoeic dermatitis

January 18, 2024February 17, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

What is seborrhoeic dermatitis? Seborrhoeic dermatitis (also spelled seborrheic dermatitis) is a form of skin inflammation that usually occurs on the scalp, face or torso, in or around areas that naturally produce an oily substance known as sebum. Seborrhoeic dermatitis is also called seborrhoeic eczema, and can lead to dandruff. If it happens in infants, it causes cradle cap. What causes seborrhoeic dermatitis? Seborrhoeic dermatitis may be caused by an immune reaction to a microscopic fungus called Malassezia. Malassezia is normally present on healthy skin, around the areas where oil is produced, but some people develop an immune reaction to Malassezia for

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#Health topics - S #Men's health

Screening tests for men

January 17, 2024February 29, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Screening tests are health checks that aim to pick up health problems early in people who don’t have symptoms of disease. This page is about the types of screening tests men might need. Your doctor can advise you of the specific tests you should have and how often. Importance of screening tests Even if you feel healthy, you should see a doctor for regular checkups. Many conditions or diseases can develop slowly over a long period and may not cause any symptoms initially. Screening tests can pick up early signs of disease. For many diseases, early management is more effective

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#Health topics - S #Nervous system diseases

Sciatica

January 17, 2024March 9, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Sciatica is a type of pain that starts in your back and goes down your leg. It can be caused by anything that presses on your sciatic nerve or its nerve roots in the spine. Most of the time, sciatica is not caused by anything serious and goes away with time. If you have symptoms of sciatica, see your doctor. You can try to prevent sciatica by exercising, maintaining good posture and lifting safely. What is sciatica? Sciatica is the name for pain that starts in your back and goes down your leg. It occurs when pain

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#Health topics - S #Medicines information

Scheduling of medicines and poisons

January 17, 2024March 3, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts All medicines and poisons in Australia are classified by how freely they are made available to the public. Medicines with a low safety risk are usually less tightly controlled than medicines that have a higher safety risk. This system of categorising medicines is called ‘scheduling’. Medicines with a lower safety risk may be available at a supermarket or at a pharmacy without a prescription. Medicines considered higher risk may be available only with a prescription from your doctor. Why is the schedule important? The schedule is designed to protect public health and safety. Some medicines have a higher

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#Fitness and exercise #Health topics - R

Running tips for beginners

January 16, 2024February 3, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Running has many health benefits, such as improving your heart health and mood, and helping you to sleep better. Running for as little as 10 minutes per day can improve your health. It is an affordable and convenient form of exercise. Beginners of nearly any age can start running. If you have an illness or injury, see a doctor for expert advice before you begin. Running tips for beginners What are the health benefits of running? Mental health Many people run to clear their mind, reduce stress or improve their mood. When you run, your body releases endorphins.

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#Health topics - R #Herpesvirus infections

Roseola infantum

January 16, 2024February 24, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Roseola infantum (‘roseola’) is a contagious, common viral infection that can cause a high fever followed by a rash. Roseola spreads by coughing, sneezing and direct contact. There is no specific treatment for roseola. If your child has roseola, they will need to rest and drink fluids (water, breastmilk or formula) to stay hydrated. Your doctor may recommend paracetamol or ibuprofen to help with the fever. There is no vaccine for roseola. What is roseola? Roseola infantum (or ‘roseola’) is a contagious, common viral infection that can cause a high fever followed by a rash. It spreads through

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#Health topics - R #Seniors' health

Rheumatoid arthritis

January 15, 2024March 14, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic (long-term) disease that can cause pain and swelling in your joints. People who have rheumatoid arthritis often experience times when their joints are particularly painful. It is important not to delay speaking to your doctor if you think you may have rheumatoid arthritis. Starting treatment as soon as possible helps avoid serious symptoms. You can slow down further damage to your joints and manage pain with medicines, exercise and lifestyle changes. What is rheumatoid arthritis? Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic (long-term) disease that can cause pain and swelling in your joints. Rheumatoid arthritis

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#Genetic disorders #Health topics - R

Rett syndrome

January 15, 2024February 16, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

What is Rett syndrome? Rett syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by a mutation in a gene on the X chromosome. It is named after Andreas Rett, the doctor who originally described it. The disorder usually results from a random genetic mutation rather than being inherited. It mainly affects girls. Rett syndrome affects the nervous system, causing intellectual and physical disability. While it is a life-long condition with no cure, treatment and therapies can help manage symptoms, especially if started early. What are the symptoms of Rett syndrome? Rett syndrome can cause different symptoms, ranging from mild to severe, that can

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#Eye diseases #Health topics - R

Retinitis pigmentosa

January 15, 2024February 4, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

What is retinitis pigmentosa? Retinitis pigmentosa is a collection of inherited eye disorders where there is damage to the retina. If you have retinitis pigmentosa, there is support and advice available to help you live with the condition. The retina is a layer of tissue on the inside back of the eye. It contains cells that detect light and send signals to the brain. The brain understands these signals as vision — this is how you see. In people with retinitis pigmentosa, these cells gradually break down, causing a gradual loss of vision. The breakdown of these cells is unpredictable —

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#Health topics - R #Period problems #Vaginal problems

Retained object or tampon

January 15, 2024February 10, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Sometimes an object (also known as a ‘foreign body’) can become stuck in the vagina, or you may simply forget it is there. Common objects that may get stuck include tampons, condoms (or pieces of a condom if it has split), a contraceptive device (such as a diaphragm or sponge), or something inserted for sexual pleasure, such as a sex toy. It is important for the object to be removed as soon as possible. If you have tried to remove it but failed, you should consult a health professional as soon as possible. Retained tampon A tampon is ‘retained’ when

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#Endocrine disorders and diseases #Genetic disorders #Growth disorders #Health topics - T #Women's health

Turner syndrome

January 14, 2024February 17, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

What is Turner syndrome? Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder affecting some females. It might cause problems with hearing, vision and fertility. It does not usually affect intellectual ability. Treatment with hormones can help manage some of the problems. Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder. This means there has been a change in the person’s DNA. Normally, a female has two X chromosomes in each cell. Turner syndrome happens when all or part of one of these X chromosomes is missing. The change in DNA can affect the child’s development. Turner syndrome affects about 1 in every 2,500 females born

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#Endocrine disorders and diseases #Health topics - D

Diabetes

January 14, 2024January 14, 2024 By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Key facts Diabetes mellitus, more commonly known simply as diabetes, refers to a group of diseases that can cause high levels of glucose (a type of sugar) in your blood. Diabetes happens when your pancreas can’t produce enough of the hormone insulin or your body becomes resistant to it. Symptoms of diabetes are feeling tired, hungry or excessively thirsty, and passing more urine (wee) than usual. Common diabetic conditions are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes and pre-diabetes. You can manage diabetes by taking medicines to manage your blood glucose levels, adopting a healthy diet and being physically

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#Health topics - R #Women's health

Rectocele

January 14, 2024February 10, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key Facts A rectocele is when your rectum bulges forward into your vaginal wall. It can cause difficulty when going to the toilet. Pelvic floor exercises, and plenty of fluid and fibre in your diet can help. What is a rectocele? A rectocele is a type of pelvic organ prolapse. You may hear it called posterior vaginal prolapse. Prolapse means ‘fall out of place’. If you have rectocele, the rectum (the lower part of the large bowel) bulges forward into the vaginal wall. There are things you can do to help manage this condition. Rectocele What are the symptoms of

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#Health topics - Q #Healthy lifestyle

Quit smoking

January 13, 2024February 17, 2024 By Sama Mohamed

Key facts Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death and disease in Australia. Quitting smoking is associated with better outcomes for many health conditions and diseases. Your body starts repairing itself as soon as you’ve smoked your last cigarette. Most people who smoke will attempt to quit several times and are eventually successful. Why should I quit smoking? Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death and disease in Australia. Tobacco smoke contains more than 7,000 chemicals and many of them can cause cancer. Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body and every cigarette is doing you harm.

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