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What is lymphoedema?
Lymphoedema is a type of chronic (ongoing) swelling that affects the soft tissues in your body.
It occurs when your lymph nodes or vessels, which make up your lymphatic system, become blocked or damaged. This damage or blockage causes a build-up of fluid in your body’s soft tissues.
Lymphoedema most commonly occurs in your arms or legs, but it can also be seen in the genital area, chest, head or neck.
What is the lymphatic system?
The lymphatic system is part of your body’s immune system. It helps to fight infections and protect your body from disease.
The lymphatic system is made up of a network of vessels throughout your body that carry fluid called lymph. The lymph fluid passes through your lymph nodes, which filter out harmful substances.
What are the symptoms of lymphoedema?
The main signs and symptoms of lymphoedema are:
- swelling in your arm, leg or other affected area — clothes, shoes or jewellery may seem tighter than usual
- a feeling of heaviness or tightness in the affected area
- aching and discomfort in the affected area
- not being able to fully move your affected limbs
- pitting of the skin (gently pushing on your skin leaves an indent)
- a toughening or thickening of the skin
Many people find that the swelling gets worse:
- through the day — and then gets better overnight
- in the heat
- with overuse of the limb
- with prolonged inactivity
What causes lymphoedema?
There are 2 main types of lymphoedema:
- primary lymphoedema
- secondary lymphoedema
Each type of lymphoedema has a different cause.
Primary lymphoedema is rare, while secondary lymphoedema is more common. Lymphoedema can also be a mix of the primary and secondary types.
Primary lymphoedema
Primary lymphoedema can be due to a genetic condition. People affected by this form of lymphoedema are born with an abnormality of their lymphatic system.
While it can occur at any age, primary lymphoedema usually develops in early childhood, adolescence or early adulthood.
Secondary lymphoedema
Secondary lymphoedema is caused by damage to, or blockage of, your lymphatic system due to:
- surgery — lymph nodes are often removed as part of cancer surgery
- radiotherapy for cancer
- trauma or tissue damage
- infection (filariasis)
- cancer
- obesity
Surgery or radiotherapy for breast cancer can cause secondary lymphoedema in your arm and chest.
Surgery or radiotherapy for bowel cancer, prostate cancer or cancer of the reproductive system can cause secondary lymphoedema in the legs or groin area.
Lymphoedema can also happen in people with melanoma if lymph nodes have been removed as part of the treatment.
Lymphoedema may occur immediately after your lymphatic system has been damaged or blocked, or it may develop years later.
When should I see my doctor?
If you notice any symptoms of lymphoedema, you should make an appointment to see your doctor.
How is lymphoedema diagnosed?
Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and general health. They will examine any parts of your body that are affected, including:
- comparing them with the opposite side
- measuring them to see if there is any swelling
- checking your skin for any pitting swelling or skin damage
You might also need to have some tests to:
- confirm the diagnosis
- assess the extent of the lymphoedema
- work out the cause
Lymphoedema may be:
- mild — where no swelling is noticeable
- moderate — where pitting of the skin is seen
- severe — where the skin becomes hard or thick and fattier
How is lymphoedema treated?
If a diagnosis of lymphoedema is made, your doctor may refer you to a specialist lymphoedema centre or clinic for treatment.
While lymphoedema cannot be cured, it may be possible to keep it under control using complex lymphoedema therapy (CLT). This treatment consists of:
- Manual lymphatic drainage — having specialised massage treatment, such as lymphatic drainage massage.
- Compression bandaging — graded multilayer compression bandaging applied to the affected area.
- Tailored compression garments — worn to help with swelling.
- Exercise — moving about regularly and doing special exercises, such as walking or resistance training.
- Skin care — keeping your skin in good condition and reducing the chance of infection.
Surgery may be an option if the lymphoedema cannot be managed with CLT. This should be discussed with your lymphoedema specialist.
The sooner treatment for lymphoedema is started, the more successful it’s likely to be at keeping your condition under control.
Can lymphoedema be prevented?
If you have had surgery, radiotherapy or an injury, there are a few things you can do to reduce your risk of developing lymphoedema.
- Move your affected arm or leg normally.
- Avoid putting pressure on the affected area, such as a tight bra strap or underwear with tight elastic.
- Look after your skin to avoid skin infections (see below).
- Keep active, start any exercise slowly and build up gradually.
- Maintain a healthy weight and eat a healthy diet.
Complications of lymphoedema
Cellulitis (a bacterial skin infection) is a common complication of lymphoedema. Lymphangitis (infection of the lymph vessels) can also happen.
To reduce your risk of skin infections:
- Keep your skin clean by washing with pH-neutral soap.
- Avoid scented soaps and washes.
- Use a moisturiser, like sorbolene, every day to keep your skin soft and moist.
- Avoid sunburn by applying sunscreen and wearing protective clothing.
- Use insect repellent to protect against insect bites and stings.
To reduce the risk of infection from cuts and scrapes:
- wear gloves while gardening, washing up and doing housework
- avoid walking barefoot
- use antiseptic on any cuts
- see your doctor urgently if a cut looks as though it is infected
- cut your nails with clippers, not scissors
- if you shave, use an electric razor
If a skin infection develops, it’s important to visit your doctor as soon as possible to see if you need treatment with antibiotics.
Anxiety and depression are also common in people with lymphoedema. See your doctor if you are not feeling yourself — support and treatment are available.
