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What is a myringoplasty? A myringoplasty is an operation to repair a hole in the eardrum. A perforation is usually caused by an infection in the middle ear that bursts through the eardrum. It can also be caused by trauma (for example, being hit across your ear or by placing an object in your ear). Often a perforated eardrum does not cause any problems but it can lead to repeated ear infections and poorer hearing. What are the benefits of surgery? Your child should have less risk of repeated ear infections and their hearing may improve. Are there any alternatives

What is a myringoplasty? A myringoplasty is an operation to repair a hole (perforation) in your eardrum. A perforation is usually caused by an infection in your middle ear that bursts through your eardrum. It can also be caused by trauma (for example, being hit across your ear or by placing an object in your ear). Often a perforated eardrum does not cause any problems but it can lead to repeated ear infections and poorer hearing. What are the benefits of surgery? You should have less risk of repeated ear infections and your hearing may improve. Are there any alternatives to surgery? Keeping

Short-sightedness (myopia) What is short-sightedness? Short-sightedness (also known as myopia) is a common eye condition that causes distant objects to appear blurred. Someone with myopia can achieve good vision with prescription glasses, contact lenses or laser surgery. Short-sightedness usually first appears in childhood. How is short-sightedness caused? When light enters the eye, it is bent by the cornea (the clear layer on the front of the eye) and the lens. If you have normal vision, the light waves are brought into focus right on the retina, the layer at the back of the eye. If you are short-sighted, the light waves

Uterine fibroids What are uterine fibroids? A uterine fibroid is a non-cancerous tumour that grows in and around the womb (uterus). It is also known as a myoma. Uterine fibroids develop from the muscle tissue of the uterus. They may also grow in the fallopian tubes, cervix, or tissues near the uterus. They can vary in size, from being so tiny you cannot see them with the naked eye to being the size of a melon. It is possible to have one or many fibroids. Most fibroids do not need treatment. Fibroids are non-cancerous tumours that grow in and around

What is a heart attack? To work properly, your heart needs a continuous supply of blood. It normally receives this from blood vessels called coronary arteries. When a coronary artery suddenly becomes blocked, oxygen can’t get to your heart muscle. This causes a heart attack (or ‘myocardial infarction’). A heart attack is a medical emergency: without oxygen, your heart muscle begins to die and your heart can become permanently damaged. Heart attacks can be fatal — every day, 17 Australians die from a heart attack. One patient is admitted to hospital due to heart attack every 13 minutes. What are the symptoms

What is myasthenia gravis? Myasthenia gravis is a rare disease of the neuromuscular system, caused by a breakdown in communication between the nerves and muscles. This leads to muscle weakness during activity, which can improve after a period of rest. Myasthenia gravis can’t be cured, but treatments are available to help manage your symptoms. What are the symptoms of myasthenia gravis? The symptoms of myasthenia gravis often begin in your eye muscles or elsewhere on your face. It can become hard to control your eye and eyelid movements, and to talk, chew and swallow. Your symptoms can appear suddenly or take

Chronic fatigue syndrome (Myalgic Encephalomyelitis) What is Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME)/chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)? Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), also known as myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), is a chronic (long-term), complex and disabling illness that causes extreme fatigue and other symptoms that cannot be explained by any other medical condition. If you have ME/CFS, you are likely to feel very tired, very often, even if you have not been active. You may also have a host of other symptoms. Doctors do not yet understand the cause of ME/CFS, and there is no simple cure. If you or your child has ME/CFS, your doctor

What is a heart attack? To work properly, your heart needs a continuous supply of blood. It normally receives this from blood vessels called coronary arteries. When a coronary artery suddenly becomes blocked, oxygen can’t get to your heart muscle. This causes a heart attack (or ‘myocardial infarction’). A heart attack is a medical emergency: without oxygen, your heart muscle begins to die and your heart can become permanently damaged. Heart attacks can be fatal — every day, 17 Australians die from a heart attack. One patient is admitted to hospital due to heart attack every 13 minutes. What are the symptoms

What is myasthenia gravis? Myasthenia gravis is a rare disease of the neuromuscular system, caused by a breakdown in communication between the nerves and muscles. This leads to muscle weakness during activity, which can improve after a period of rest. Myasthenia gravis can’t be cured, but treatments are available to help manage your symptoms. What are the symptoms of myasthenia gravis? The symptoms of myasthenia gravis often begin in your eye muscles or elsewhere on your face. It can become hard to control your eye and eyelid movements, and to talk, chew and swallow. Your symptoms can appear suddenly or take

What is My Health Record? My Health Record is a secure digital record of your health information. Your healthcare providers can check your My Health Record when they need to. Both you and your healthcare providers can add information to your record. You can also choose to have Medicare information added to your record. This includes information from the Australian Immunisation Register (AIR). You can download your immunisation history statement or COVID-19 digital certificate. Your record can only be seen by you, your healthcare providers and any people you choose to share it with. My Health Record can help you in emergencies or when

beginning of content Top 10 safety tips for music festivals   Going to a music festival can be an amazing experience. Whether it’s one day or a weekend-long event, these 10 tips can help you stay safe and healthy while still having a blast. 1. Party safe You can make the most of your music festival experience by partying safely. Keep tabs on how much alcohol you’re drinking and avoid binge drinking. Remember to eat meals and drink plenty of water. While illicit drugs may seem fun, they are also dangerous as you don’t know what’s in them or how they’ll affect you. Don’t

What is muscular dystrophy? Muscular dystrophy is the name of a group of genetic (inherited) disorders that cause weakness and wasting in the muscles that control your movement. There is no cure for muscular dystrophy. Medicines and physical therapy can help you manage your symptoms and slow down disease progression. What are the different types of muscular dystrophy? There are many different types of muscular dystrophy. The most common ones are: Duchenne — this is the most common kind in children, with symptoms usually appearing at 2 to 4 years of age. It usually affects males, but females can still be carriers of the disease

What are muscle aches and pains? Muscle aches and pains, also called myalgia, can be felt anywhere in the body where there is muscle tissue. Muscle pain usually affects a specific part of the body at a time. It often occurs after a particular movement or activity. Sometimes muscle pain can be more widespread and affect many parts of the body at once. What symptoms are associated with muscle aches and pains? If you have muscle aches and pains, you may have mild to severe pain in muscles anywhere in your body. Your muscles may also be sensitive to touch.

What is Murray Valley encephalitis? Murray Valley encephalitis is a serious but rare illness spread through mosquito bites. Most reported cases of Murray Valley encephalitis have occurred in northern Australia or Papua New Guinea. What are the symptoms of Murray Valley encephalitis? Many people with Murray Valley encephalitis have no symptoms. Others may have mild symptoms including fever, headache, nausea and vomiting. More severe symptoms may include: fever drowsiness confusion nausea and vomiting shaking neck stiffness headache seizures Babies who are infected may also become irritable or drowsy. Murray Valley encephalitis can be fatal in a very small number of people. How

Dissociative identity disorder What is dissociative identity disorder? Dissociative identity disorder is a psychological condition where disturbance to a person’s sense of identity causes them to feel or be observed by others to have 2 or more separate personalities. It was previously known as ‘multiple personality disorder’. Dissociative identity disorder is a type of dissociative disorder — where there is a disconnect between your thoughts, memories and feelings and sense of who you are. Dissociative identity disorder is usually long-term and is a response to extreme trauma. Dissociative identity disorder may be incorrectly mixed up with schizophrenia. While they are both

What is myeloma? Multiple myeloma, or myeloma, is a type of cancer that affects your plasma cells. Plasma cells are a type of white blood cell that help fight infection as part of your immune system. Plasma cells are not the same as plasma — the fluid that carries the components of blood. Myeloma causes plasma cells to grow abnormally and build up in your bone marrow (the inside of your bones). These abnormal plasma cells are known as myeloma cells. What are the symptoms of myeloma? Myeloma can affect different areas in the body — for example, your spine, skull, pelvis, rib cage, shoulders, and

What is MS-2 Step? MS-2 Step is the name of the product used for medical abortion. It can be used for the termination of pregnancy up to 63 days after your last menstrual period. MS-2 Step has 2 medicines: mifepristone and misoprostol. Both medicines need to be taken as directed. Mifepristone blocks progesterone from having its effect. This leads to your pregnancy ending. Misoprostol makes the muscle in the uterus contract and the cervix open. This helps push out the contents of the uterus. When can I take MS-2 Step? MS-2 Step is approved in Australia for medical abortion if your pregnancy is up to

What is multiple sclerosis (MS)? Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic illness that affects your central nervous system. Your nerve cells are surrounded by a layer called myelin. Myelin protects your nerves and helps them send signals quickly from your brain to the rest of your body. In MS, your immune system attacks the myelin layer and damages it. This causes your nerves to become exposed and scarred. As a result, your nerves can’t send signals around your body properly. MS is 3 times more common in females and usually starts between age 20 to 40. What are the different types of multiple sclerosis? There

Staph skin infection What are staph skin infections? Staph bacteria are often found on your skin or in your nose. Even healthy people can have staph bacteria on their skin. It usually doesn’t cause any problems. A staph infection of the skin happens when staphylococcus bacteria gets inside your body and affects your skin. Examples of staph skin infections are wound infection cellulitis staphylococcus scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) impetigo What are the symptoms of a staph skin infection? The symptoms of staph skin infections can range from mild to serious. Wound infections Wounds happen when the skin is broken from a graze,

What are mouth ulcers? Mouth ulcers, also known as aphthous ulcers or canker sores, are a type of sore that occurs on the inside of your mouth. They can feel uncomfortable, especially when you are talking, eating, drinking and brushing your teeth. In most cases, mouth ulcers are not dangerous and heal on their own. Around 1 in 5 people experience recurrent mouth ulcers. What do mouth ulcers look like? Mouth ulcers look like a shallow sore with a white/grey top and a red rim. They can occur as a single ulcer or in a cluster. Mouth ulcers can appear in

ما هي أجزاء الفم؟ يتكون فمك من عدة أجزاء تعمل معًا لمساعدتك على التحدث والمضغ والبلع: شفه الأسنان واللثة الأذواق الناعمة والصلبة، والتي تشكل سقف فمك اللوزتين لسان الغدد اللعابية أسنانك تسمح لك بمضغ طعامك. لديهم تاج فوق خط اللثة، وجذور في العظم أسفل خط اللثة. القواطع لها أسطح عض حادة، والأنياب مدببة ومخروطية الشكل (للتمزيق)، والضواحك والأضراس لها أسطح طحن مسطحة. يبدأ هضم الطعام في فمك عندما تمضغ طعامك، وذلك عن طريق استخدام أسنانك لتقطيعه وطحنه إلى قطع صغيرة. كيف يتطور الفم؟ تبدأ أسنان الطفل بالنمو   في لثته قبل ولادته. تظهر أسنانهم الأولى عادةً بعد عمر 6 أشهر تقريبًا،

beginning of content Altitude sickness What is altitude sickness? Altitude sickness, also known as mountain sickness, can happen if you travel to a high altitude. Altitude sickness can affect anybody — being young or physically fit does not decrease the risk. Whether or not you get altitude sickness could depend on: your height above sea level the time you took to make the ascent whether or not you have any problems affecting your heart and lungs Altitude sickness can be fatal if not treated. What are the symptoms of altitude sickness? If you have altitude sickness, you are likely to feel dizzy and weak, you

What is MND? Motor neurone disease (MND) is the name for a group of diseases. These diseases affect nerves known as motor nerves, or motor neurons. In MND, these neurons degenerate and die. This causes the muscles to become weaker and weaker. This eventually leads to paralysis. The MND disease group includes: Lou Gehrig’s disease, also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) progressive muscular atrophy (PMA) progressive bulbar palsy (PBP) primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) Kennedy’s disease, also known as spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) MND is an uncommon disease. The average age that people are diagnosed with MND is

What is motivation? Motivation is the drive to achieve your goals or needs. It is influenced by: how much you want the goal what you will gain what you will lose from not achieving your goal your personal expectations Most people want to change at least one thing in their life. But it can be challenging to find the motivation just to make a start. It helps if you understand what motivation means to you so you can find your own ways to get motivated. Why is motivation important? Motivation is important because it: provides you with goals to work towards helps

What is motion sickness? Motion (or travel) sickness is feeling unwell when in a moving vehicle. Commonly known as ‘travel sickness’, ‘car sickness’ or ‘sea sickness’, it is a normal response and can generally be prevented. What are the symptoms of motion sickness? Nausea is the main symptom of motion sickness but you might also experience other symptoms, including: vomiting dizziness drowsiness pale skin cold sweat headache inability to walk persistent retching irritability What causes motion sickness? Motion sickness is thought to be caused by the body being unbalanced in a moving vehicle so that the senses are confused. It can

Contraception options What is contraception? Contraception (birth control) can be used to prevent unplanned pregnancies. Pregnancy can happen when sperm released during penis-in-vagina sex fertilises an egg, which then implants in your uterus (womb). What should I think about when choosing contraception? There are many different forms of contraception. No form of birth control is 100% effective, but some methods are more effective than others. Aside from preventing pregnancy, some — but not all — methods of contraception can also help prevent transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Discuss contraception with a new partner before having sex, so you can choose a

What is monkeypox? Monkeypox is a rare infectious disease caused by the monkeypox virus. This is related to the virus that causes smallpox. Monkeypox is mostly found in tropical rainforest areas of Central and West Africa, with cases outside Africa usually linked to travellers who visit that region and spread the infection when they leave. In 2022, there has been increased spread of monkeypox in many countries in Europe and North America, with a few cases now reported within Australia. Monkeypox is usually a mild disease that generally resolves in 2 to 4 weeks. But it can potentially be a serious

What is molluscum contagiosum? Molluscum contagiosum is a common, generally harmless (benign), skin infection caused by the molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV). The virus causes small, raised spots that can be spread by skin-to-skin contact. It is more common in children, but it can affect people of any age. What are the symptoms of molluscum contagiosum? When the spots appear, they look like white pimples. Over time, they become round, pink or pearl-coloured lumps with a hard middle and often a dip in the centre. The spots are usually very small, about 3 to 6mm, but they can be as large

What are moles? Moles are small, dark marks that appear on the skin. They are usually round or oval in shape and are caused when the cells that produce pigment, called melanocytes, grow in groups. Most people have about 50 moles. They can appear anywhere, including palms and soles, nails, genitals, scalp and eyes. Moles are different to freckles. Freckles are flat, where moles tend to be raised. There are different types of moles: Benign naevus/mole: a normal mole. It is harmless. Congenital naevus/mole: a mole that a child is born with, or that develops shortly after birth. Blue naevus/mole:

What is mirtazapine? Mirtazapine is an antidepressant medicine. What is mirtazapine used for? Mirtazapine is mainly used to treat depression and/or to prevent it from occurring again. Your doctor might prescribe mirtazapine for another reason. If you are unsure why you have been prescribed mirtazapine, ask your doctor. How does mirtazapine work? Medical experts believe mirtazapine works by balancing chemicals in the brain that are thought to affect mood and emotions. The chemicals involved are serotonin and noradrenaline. What forms of mirtazapine are available? Mirtazapine is the name of the active ingredient. It is available in many different brands, which have different: names appearances (size,

What is a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)? A Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is a set of 11 questions that doctors and other healthcare professionals commonly use to check for cognitive impairment (problems with thinking, communication, understanding and memory). What is a MMSE used for? Your doctor might perform the MMSE if there is a reason to suspect you may be confused, such as after a head injury or during a sudden episode of illness such as an infection. It is also sometimes used as part of the process for determining if someone has cognitive impairment, such as dementia. The test

Progestogen-only pill (mini pill) What is the progestogen-only pill (POP)? The progestogen-only pill (POP) is a type of contraception (birth control). It is a pill that you take daily to avoid getting pregnant. One type is known as the ‘mini pill’. The POP is different from the combined oral contraceptive pill (‘the pill’). The combined pill contains both oestrogen and progestogen. The POP contains only progestogen. The POP is useful if you can’t take the combined pill for health-related reasons. Talk to your doctor about whether this type of contraception is suitable for you. You need a prescription from your doctor or family planning

Vitamins and minerals explained What are vitamins and minerals? Vitamins and minerals are needed to make your body work properly. Vitamins come from plants and animals, while minerals originally come from the earth. Most people can get all the vitamins and minerals they need from the 5 food groups in a balanced diet. However, some groups in the community are more at risk of developing deficiencies. Vitamins are found in: fresh foods frozen foods canned foods An example is Vitamin C. It is found in many fruits. Some vitamins can be lost by cooking in water. Fresh fruit and uncooked vegetables

Vitamins and minerals explained What are vitamins and minerals? Vitamins and minerals are needed to make your body work properly. Vitamins come from plants and animals, while minerals originally come from the earth. Most people can get all the vitamins and minerals they need from the 5 food groups in a balanced diet. However, some groups in the community are more at risk of developing deficiencies. Vitamins are found in: fresh foods frozen foods canned foods An example is Vitamin C. It is found in many fruits. Some vitamins can be lost by cooking in water. Fresh fruit and uncooked vegetables

Mindfulness is a mental state where you focus on the present, without judging or being distracted. Mindfulness can help you feel better and reduce stress. It is a useful technique that can help you deal with difficult emotions and situations. Sometimes mindfulness is incorporated into meditation practices, where it is described as ‘mindfulness meditation’. What is mindfulness? Mindfulness is paying full attention to what is going on in you and outside you, moment by moment, without judgment. It means you observe your thoughts, feelings, and the sensations of taste, touch, smell, sight and sound. You are also fully aware of

What is heat rash? Heat rash — sometimes called prickly heat, sweat rash or miliaria, is a harmless but very itchy skin rash. It causes small red spots in places where sweat collects, such as the armpits, back, under the breasts, chest, groin, elbow creases and back of the knees, and the waist. It happens when the body sweats more than usual, and is more common during summer months or in a hot climate. What are the symptoms of heat rash? Heat rash causes: tiny red spots or clear blisters. In babies, these are often in the skin folds, on

What are milia? Milia are common and harmless tiny pearly white bumps that appear just under the surface of your skin. They are usually smaller than 1mm but can sometimes be bigger than 3mm. Milia are tiny, white lumps that appear on the surface of the skin. There are a few types of milia: Neonatal (newborn) milia: Almost half of all newborn babies have these. There may be a few or they may develop as a cluster. They are mostly found on a newborn’s face, especially on their nose. They can also appear on a newborn’s scalp, mouth (Epstein pearls), palate

What is migraine? Migraine is a common problem affecting the brain. It usually involves severe headache accompanied by nausea, vomiting or sensitivity to light or sound. However, symptoms can vary depending on the type of migraine. Migraine is a complex genetic condition, and symptoms are triggered by a combination of factors that may be biological and environmental. Triggers are unique to each person but can include food chemicals, smells, or hormones — resulting in a migraine attack. Migraine is more common in females. ‘Migraine’ is the term used to describe the condition, and ‘migraine attacks’ are the symptoms you feel

What is a microdochectomy? Milk ducts are small tubes in the breast that connect the breast tissue to the nipple. Fluid travels along the ducts and is discharged from the nipple. A microdochectomy is a procedure to remove one or more of the milk ducts from your breast. It is usually performed to diagnose and treat a problem that causes a continued leak of fluid from a nipple. Total duct excision is removal of a disc of duct tissue from behind the nipple. It is also performed to diagnose and treat a problem that causes a continued leak of fluid

What is microdermabrasion used for? Microdermabrasion is typically used as a cosmetic procedure to treat wrinkles, sun-induced pigmentation (darkened skin), acne scarring, enlarged pores and ‘stretch marks’. It may be combined with medicines applied on the skin to treat acne. What does microdermabrasion involve? The exact procedure may differ from clinic to clinic. The skin is usually first cleansed of any makeup. Tiny crystals are then sprayed onto the skin by a hand-held device while vacuum suction is used to remove the used crystals and skin cell debris. Some microdermabrasion devices use diamond-tipped wands, instead of crystals, to buff the skin. Local anaesthesia to

What is methadone used for? Methadone is prescribed for the medical treatment of heroin and other opioid dependencies. Methadone can also be prescribed to help manage severe pain cause by certain conditions. Because of the risks associated with opioid use, methadone should only be used for pain relief in people who are not able to take non-opioid pain-relief medicines, or in circumstances when pain cannot be managed with other options. How does methadone work? When methadone is used to replace another opioid, it helps to lessen the effects of withdrawal and reduces the harm associated with opioid drug use. In this way, methadone makes it

What is metformin? Metformin is a diabetes medicine. It is commonly prescribed for managing type 2 diabetes. It’s also sometimes used to treat certain types of infertility in females. What is metformin used for? Metformin is used to control blood glucose (sugar) levels in people who have type 2 diabetes. It can be prescribed for adults and children over the age of 10 years. Unlike insulin, metformin doesn’t cause weight gain and may help with weight loss. This makes it a good choice for people with type 2 diabetes who are living with overweight or obesity. In adults, metformin can be used alone or together with other

What is metabolism? Metabolism is the processes where your body converts what you eat and drink into energy. The food and drink that you eat contains: carbohydrates fats proteins Your body breaks these down into simpler forms. These are then converted into energy by your body. Your body uses this energy to help carry out everyday functions. How is metabolism measured? Kilojoules measure the amount of energy your body uses. Many people are familiar with the term calorie. A calorie is another measurement of energy. One kilocalorie = 4.18 kilojoules. How does my metabolism work? Your metabolism involves two processes,

What is metabolic syndrome? Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors that together increase a person’s risk of stroke, heart disease and type 2 diabetes. These risk factors are: high blood pressure excess abdominal weight low levels of ‘good’ cholesterol (HDL cholesterol) insulin resistance, where your cells don’t respond to insulin and your blood sugar levels rise Metabolic syndrome is also known as syndrome X or insulin-resistance syndrome. People with metabolic syndrome have 2 to 3 times the risk of having a heart attack and stroke, type 2 diabetes or chronic kidney disease than people without the condition. Metabolic syndrome affects many adults in Australia, and

What is lung cancer? Lung cancer occurs when cells in the lungs grow in an uncontrolled way. The cancer may start to grow in the lungs first (primary cancer) or may spread to the lungs from a cancer somewhere else in the body (secondary cancer/metastasis). Lung cancer is the 5th most common cancer in Australia and, in general, it spreads quite quickly. This cancer is diagnosed more often in older people, and it is much more common in smokers — although non-smokers can get it too. Lung cancer is generally divided into two main types: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) makes up about 85%

What is mesothelioma? Mesothelioma is a cancer caused by exposure to asbestos. Australia has one of the highest rates of mesothelioma in the world because of our extensive use of asbestos in the past. Even though asbestos is now banned in Australia, the number of Australians with mesothelioma is growing because the disease can take decades to develop. What are the types of mesothelioma? Mesothelioma grows in the mesothelial cells, which are found in the membranes that surround most organs in the body. There are 2 main types of mesothelioma: Pleural: This type develops in the lining of the lungs, called

What is Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)? Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a rare disease. It causes bad respiratory (breathing) problems. MERS was first identified in 2012. MERS is caused by Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV). Coronaviruses also cause: the common cold severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) COVID-19 MERS has infected more than 2,600 people worldwide. Of these, more than 935 people have died. Most cases have happened in Saudi Arabia. What are the symptoms of MERS? Symptoms of MERS usually start 5 to 6 days after infection. But this can range from 2 days to 14 days. Symptoms often

What is mental illness stigma? In relation to mental illness, stigma is when someone is marked or discredited somehow, or reduced from being a whole person to being a stereotype or labelled as a collection of symptoms or a diagnosis (e.g. ‘psychotic’). The meaning of the word stigma is a mark, a stain or a blemish. People with mental illness may face stigma — they may be viewed in a negative way, treated differently, and made to feel ashamed or worthless, as if they are somehow less than other people. Stigma can also lead to discrimination, and this in turn can

How does a person’s mental illness affect their family and friends? Having a mental illness can affect a person’s family and friends in many ways. As their relative, partner or friend, your experience will depend on your relationship with the person and their specific mental health condition. It’s normal to feel a range of emotions when someone you care about is diagnosed with a mental illness, including: fear confusion guilt shame uncertainty Some people also describe feelings of grief and loss for their previous relationship, and for the kind of future they imagined together. You may need to take on new roles or responsibilities

What is mental illness? A mental illness is a health issue. It can affect your thoughts, mood, or behaviour. It can impact the way you perceive the world around you. A mental illness can cause distress. It may affect how you cope at work, how you function in relationships and your ability to manage everyday tasks. Mental illnesses can last for a short time or for your whole life. Some mild mental illness lasts only a few weeks. Sometimes severe illnesses can be life-long and cause serious disability. Each year, about 1 in every 5 Australians will experience a mental

What is a mental health treatment plan? A mental health treatment plan is for people with a mental health condition. The plan identifies: your treatment options support services available what goals you and your doctor have agreed on How can a mental health treatment plan help me? If you are struggling with your mental health, having a mental health treatment plan can help cover the cost of seeing a specialist mental health professional. It can also help you: feel more in control of your mental health feel supported Am I eligible for a mental health treatment plan? You can only

Recovery and mental health Recovery from mental health is the process of getting well, knowing your strengths and weaknesses, and creating a satisfying life for yourself. Most people who are diagnosed with a mental illness recover with the right support. A range of services can help you recover and what’s needed will be different for every person. What is common to everyone with mental health issues is the sooner you seek help and treatment, the better your possibilities for recovery. What is mental health recovery? Recovery from mental health is not the same as a cure. Recovery means being able

What are the types of mental health professionals Many types of health professionals work in mental health care, including: your doctor – general practitioners can diagnose and treat mental health disorders, as well as advise you and refer you to other mental health professionals psychiatrists – these medical doctors have done specialised training in mental health – they can diagnose and treat mental illness, both with psychotherapy (talking therapies) and/or medication mental health nurses – nurses with a specialist qualification in mental health; they help people work towards recovery from mental health issues psychologists – provide treatment of mental health problems with psychotherapy;

If you or someone you know has a mental illness, then you may get to know a mental health nurse. Mental health nurses usually work as part of a wider team of health professionals. What is a mental health nurse? A mental health nurse specialises in working with people who have a mental illness, or mental health issues. These can include: depression postnatal depression schizophrenia bipolar disorder psychosis substance abuse Mental health nurses might have also completed further study in mental health recognised by the Australian College of Mental Health Nurses. What does a mental health nurse do? Mental health nurses mostly work with people

What is mental health first aid? Mental health first aid (MHFA) refers to training programs for members of the community. People complete an MHFA program so that they can provide support and guidance to anyone who experiences a mental health problem, or is going through a mental health crisis. Just like physical first aid, mental health first aid provides help until the person receives professional care or until the crisis resolves. MHFA training courses were first established in 2000 and have grown since then. This is due to the rising need for mental health support — every Australian is likely to

Older people and mental health Getting older brings its share of challenges, and at times you may find it difficult to stay mentally healthy and strong. If feelings like sadness or worry are preventing you from getting the most out of life, help and support is available. Your mental health is important Your mental health is a central part of your overall wellbeing. If you don’t have good mental health, it’s possible you also don’t have good self-esteem or you don’t feel confident and able to face life and its challenges. Being mentally healthy is important, not just so you can get through the day but

What is menstruation? Menstruation is bleeding from the vagina that happens about once a month. It is a normal part of the menstrual cycle. It is also known as having a period. Periods usually come between 21 and 35 days apart. This can change from cycle to cycle. You can work out your menstrual cycle length by counting how many days there are from the first day of your period until the first day of your next period. The menstrual cycle gets your body ready for a pregnancy and is controlled by hormones that come from your brain and ovaries.

Heavy periods The amount of blood lost during a period differs from person to person. Some people pass clots (clumps of blood) with their period. Heavy periods are common and affect about 1 in 5 females. A large loss of blood can affect you physically and emotionally and can be very distressing. Bleeding after menopause is never normal. If you bleed after you have been through menopause, it’s important to see your doctor. How do I know if my periods are heavy? Heavy periods (also known as menorrhagia) refers to heavy or prolonged blood loss that interferes with your quality of life. This could mean any

What is menopause? Menopause is a natural event in a woman’s life. Menopause occurs when there has been a change in a woman’s reproductive hormones and the ovaries no longer release any eggs. Menopause is marked by the end of a woman’s monthly periods. Technically, you have reached menopause when it has been 12 months since your last period. It usually happens between the ages of 45 and 55. Before a woman’s final period, there is usually a few years of fluctuating hormones, known as the perimenopause. The hormones that are affected are oestrogen and progesterone. Menopause and perimenopause can cause symptoms that interfere with

Early menopause What is early menopause? Early menopause is when a woman’s last monthly period occurs between the ages of 40 and 45 years. Up to 1 in 12 women have their last period by the time they are 45 years. When menopause occurs before the age of 40, it is considered to be ‘premature menopause’. Most Australian women experience normal menopause between the ages of 45 and 60 years. What are the symptoms of early menopause? Symptoms of early menopause are similar to those of normal menopause: Changes to your menstrual cycle — monthly periods become less frequent and stop.

What is meningococcal disease? Meningococcal disease is a contagious disease. It is caused by a type of bacteria called neisseria meningitidis (also known as meningococcal bacteria). Meningococcal infections can cause invasive meningococcal disease, which can include: septicaemia (when bacteria enter your bloodstream and cause blood poisoning) sepsis (a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body damages its own tissues and organs in response to infection) meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding your brain and spinal cord) Invasive meningococcal disease can develop quickly and is life-threatening. Less commonly, meningococcal bacteria can also cause local infections, such as: septic arthritis (an infected joint) pneumonia conjunctivitis What

What is meningitis? Meningitis is a rare but serious infection of your meninges (the membranes covering your brain and spinal cord). Meningitis is usually caused by a virus or bacteria, and sometimes it’s caused by a fungus. Viral meningitis is usually a less dangerous form of meningitis and most commonly affects children. Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency. Early diagnosis and treatment are vital. It is often not possible to tell the difference between viral and bacterial meningitis from the symptoms alone. What are the symptoms of meningitis? The symptoms of meningitis in young children and babies can include: fever or low

What is Meniere’s disease? Meniere’s disease is a disorder of the inner ear that causes hearing and balance problems. There is no cure, but the symptoms can be managed. People with Meniere’s disease experience attacks vertigo that usually lasts between 2 and 4 hours. Some people have several attacks of Meniere’s disease in a short period of time, while other people only have it every few months or years. In between attacks, most people usually have mild or no symptoms. Most people with Meniere’s disease have it in just one ear. It often leads to worsening hearing loss in that ear. What are the symptoms of

What is mental health? Mental health is a state of well-being, where every individual realises their own potential, can work productively, can cope with the normal stresses of life, and is able to contribute to their community. Why is my mental health important? Your mental health is an important part of your overall health and wellbeing. You need good mental health to help you get through life’s challenges, to have healthy relationships with others and to enjoy life. Problems with mental health are common, and not a sign of weakness. In fact, it can take courage to admit there’s a

Depression in men What is depression in men? Depression is a serious mental health condition that affects how you feel, think, and handle daily activities. It can make you feel sad, irritable or empty and lose pleasure or interest in things you usually enjoy. While it is normal to feel down sometimes, if you feel this way for 2 weeks or more you may be experiencing depression. Social norms that define masculinity, like not talking about your feelings or not getting upset, can sometimes make it hard for men to acknowledge that they may be experiencing depression. This page is

  What is memory loss? If you are getting forgetful or confused, you might be worried it’s dementia. Everyone forgets things from time to time, but memory loss (amnesia) is linked with many conditions, including dementia. Some memory loss can happen as a part of normal ageing. Memory change with healthy ageing doesn’t interfere with your everyday life. But everyone is different and the effect of getting older on memory will be different for everyone. However, major changes in your memory are not normal at any age. What causes memory loss? There are many causes of memory loss, such as: dementia depression, stress and anxiety

What is melatonin? Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland in the brain. Its level varies throughout the day and night to control your body clock. Melatonin levels are higher at night and are lower in bright daylight. Your body naturally increases melatonin levels about 2 hours before going to sleep, to get you ready for sleep. You can take melatonin as a medicine to help with sleep problems, including insomnia, and for jet lag. A form of melatonin has also been made as a medicine to help treat depression. What is the role of melatonin? Melatonin naturally helps control your body’s sleep and

Skin cancer and melanoma What is skin cancer and melanoma? Skin cancer is a disease that occurs when your skin cells grow abnormally, usually from too much exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. This uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells forms a tumour in the skin. Tumours are either benign (non-cancerous), or malignant (cancerous tumours that can spread through the body, causing damage). Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer: each year, more than 15,000 Australians are diagnosed with a melanoma and over a million new cases of non-melanoma skin cancers are treated. Skin cancer is mostly preventable, and there are

What is melancholia? The word ‘melancholia’ has been used since the time of the ancient Greeks to describe feeling intensely sad and hopeless. Melancholic depression, also known as ‘major depression with melancholic features’, is usually a severe illness. It makes people lose interest in almost all activities and has other distinct physical symptoms. What are the symptoms of melancholia? The symptoms of melancholia are similar to the general symptoms of depression but are usually more severe. Most people with melancholia slow right down. Their movements, thoughts and speech can be very slow. Less commonly, people with melancholia can experience agitation

What is the Mediterranean diet? The Mediterranean diet includes the food that people living in countries around the Mediterranean Sea such as Greece, Italy and Spain would traditionally eat. This way of eating is mainly made up of vegetables, fruits, nuts, legumes, seeds and fish and olive oil, a moderate amount of dairy food, low amounts of red meat, and limited processed meats and packaged foods. The World Health Organization recognises that research on the Mediterranean diet shows it has many positive effects on your health. Research also shows it has a lower impact on the environment than other healthy

What is meditation? Meditation is a type of mind–body relaxation technique. It is an ancient Eastern practice that people use today to lead to a mentally healthier life. Meditation can help you cope with everyday life, reduce stress and improve your overall wellbeing. During meditation, you concentrate your mind on one particular thing, such as: breathing sounds body movements and feelings a mantra (chant) Meditation focusses your attention on the present moment and on body sensations. It is central to many religions, including Buddhism and Hinduism, but religion is not required in order to meditate. Meditation can help release muscle tension,

Why am I more likely to have problems with my medicines as I get older? Your chance of problems with medicines increases as you age for 2 main reasons: how your body works changes with age you are more likely to be taking multiple medicines (polypharmacy) as you get older Changes in your body Your body changes in many ways as you age. For example, the amount of water, fat and muscle you have changes. Because of these changes, your body may: become more sensitive to your medicines not be able to process your medicines properly have difficulty getting rid of medicines

Pain-relief medicines What is pain-relief medicine? Pain-relief medicines are used as part of a strategy to manage short-term (acute) or long-term (chronic) pain. They work by targeting the cause of your pain or by reducing how your pain travels along the nerves to the brain. What are the different types of pain-relief medicines? As everyone’s experience of pain is different, individuals need different ways to help manage their pain. There are also specific pain-relief options that suit some circumstances or health conditions. You can buy some pain-relief medicines ‘over-the-counter’ (OTC). This means you don’t need a prescription from your doctor to access

Mindfulness is a mental state where you focus on the present, without judging or being distracted. Mindfulness can help you feel better and reduce stress. It is a useful technique that can help you deal with difficult emotions and situations. Sometimes mindfulness is incorporated into meditation practices, where it is described as ‘mindfulness meditation’. What is mindfulness? Mindfulness is paying full attention to what is going on in you and outside you, moment by moment, without judgment. It means you observe your thoughts, feelings, and the sensations of taste, touch, smell, sight and sound. You are also fully aware of

What is heat rash? Heat rash — sometimes called prickly heat, sweat rash or miliaria, is a harmless but very itchy skin rash. It causes small red spots in places where sweat collects, such as the armpits, back, under the breasts, chest, groin, elbow creases and back of the knees, and the waist. It happens when the body sweats more than usual, and is more common during summer months or in a hot climate. What are the symptoms of heat rash? Heat rash causes: tiny red spots or clear blisters. In babies, these are often in the skin folds, on

What are milia? Milia are common and harmless tiny pearly white bumps that appear just under the surface of your skin. They are usually smaller than 1mm but can sometimes be bigger than 3mm. Milia are tiny, white lumps that appear on the surface of the skin. There are a few types of milia: Neonatal (newborn) milia: Almost half of all newborn babies have these. There may be a few or they may develop as a cluster. They are mostly found on a newborn’s face, especially on their nose. They can also appear on a newborn’s scalp, mouth (Epstein pearls), palate

What is a microdochectomy? Milk ducts are small tubes in the breast that connect the breast tissue to the nipple. Fluid travels along the ducts and is discharged from the nipple. A microdochectomy is a procedure to remove one or more of the milk ducts from your breast. It is usually performed to diagnose and treat a problem that causes a continued leak of fluid from a nipple. Total duct excision is removal of a disc of duct tissue from behind the nipple. It is also performed to diagnose and treat a problem that causes a continued leak of fluid

What is microdermabrasion? Microdermabrasion is a minimally invasive skin treatment that buffs away the outermost layer of the skin to create a smoother and younger appearance. After the treatment, a new layer of skin forms. Often several treatments are needed to obtain the required results. What is microdermabrasion used for? Microdermabrasion is typically used as a cosmetic procedure to treat wrinkles, sun-induced pigmentation (darkened skin), acne scarring, enlarged pores and ‘stretch marks’. It may be combined with medicines applied on the skin to treat acne. What does microdermabrasion involve? The exact procedure may differ from clinic to clinic. The skin is usually

What is metformin? Metformin is a diabetes medicine. It is commonly prescribed for managing type 2 diabetes. It’s also sometimes used to treat certain types of infertility in females. What is metformin used for? Metformin is used to control blood glucose (sugar) levels in people who have type 2 diabetes. It can be prescribed for adults and children over the age of 10 years. Unlike insulin, metformin doesn’t cause weight gain and may help with weight loss. This makes it a good choice for people with type 2 diabetes who are living with overweight or obesity. In adults, metformin can be used alone or together with other

What is metabolic syndrome? Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors that together increase a person’s risk of stroke, heart disease and type 2 diabetes. These risk factors are: high blood pressure excess abdominal weight low levels of ‘good’ cholesterol (HDL cholesterol) insulin resistance, where your cells don’t respond to insulin and your blood sugar levels rise Metabolic syndrome is also known as syndrome X or insulin-resistance syndrome. People with metabolic syndrome have 2 to 3 times the risk of having a heart attack and stroke, type 2 diabetes or chronic kidney disease than people without the condition. Metabolic syndrome affects many adults in Australia, and

Lung cancer What is lung cancer? Lung cancer occurs when cells in the lungs grow in an uncontrolled way. The cancer may start to grow in the lungs first (primary cancer) or may spread to the lungs from a cancer somewhere else in the body (secondary cancer/metastasis). Lung cancer is the 5th most common cancer in Australia and, in general, it spreads quite quickly. This cancer is diagnosed more often in older people, and it is much more common in smokers — although non-smokers can get it too. Lung cancer is generally divided into two main types: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) makes up

What is mesothelioma? Mesothelioma is a cancer caused by exposure to asbestos. Australia has one of the highest rates of mesothelioma in the world because of our extensive use of asbestos in the past. Even though asbestos is now banned in Australia, the number of Australians with mesothelioma is growing because the disease can take decades to develop. What are the types of mesothelioma? Mesothelioma grows in the mesothelial cells, which are found in the membranes that surround most organs in the body. There are 2 main types of mesothelioma: Pleural: This type develops in the lining of the lungs, called

What is mental illness stigma? In relation to mental illness, stigma is when someone is marked or discredited somehow, or reduced from being a whole person to being a stereotype or labelled as a collection of symptoms or a diagnosis (e.g. ‘psychotic’). The meaning of the word stigma is a mark, a stain or a blemish. People with mental illness may face stigma — they may be viewed in a negative way, treated differently, and made to feel ashamed or worthless, as if they are somehow less than other people. Stigma can also lead to discrimination, and this in turn can

What is mental illness? A mental illness is a health issue. It can affect your thoughts, mood, or behaviour. It can impact the way you perceive the world around you. A mental illness can cause distress. It may affect how you cope at work, how you function in relationships and your ability to manage everyday tasks. Mental illnesses can last for a short time or for your whole life. Some mild mental illness lasts only a few weeks. Sometimes severe illnesses can be life-long and cause serious disability. Each year, about 1 in every 5 Australians will experience a mental

What is a mental health treatment plan? A mental health treatment plan is for people with a mental health condition. The plan identifies: your treatment options support services available what goals you and your doctor have agreed on How can a mental health treatment plan help me? If you are struggling with your mental health, having a mental health treatment plan can help cover the cost of seeing a specialist mental health professional. It can also help you: feel more in control of your mental health feel supported Am I eligible for a mental health treatment plan? You can only

Understanding the costs of mental health services How much do mental health services cost? The costs of mental health services can vary enormously, depending on where you live and which service you are receiving. The first step is to see your doctor. If you can’t see your doctor, any health service should be able to help you. Search for mental health services in your location. Low cost or free mental health services If you have a mental health condition, you might be able to get help with payment through a government program. The Better Access initiative gives Medicare rebates to help people see mental