Day: September 14, 2024

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Abacavir

By Sama Mohamed

Medication Information Leaflet What is this medication for? Abacavir is an antiretroviral medication used for treating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It works by preventing the virus from reproducing, and hence, reducing the amount of virus in your body. This increases the CD4 cell count in your body. CD4 cells are a type of immune cells that help your body fight off infections.  Abacavir is not a cure for HIV infection. It must be taken consistently every day to slow the progression of the disease. How should I take or use this medication? Abacavir is always given in combination with

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Abdominal Pain

By Sama Mohamed

  Causes of Abdominal Pain Commonly known as a stomach ache, abdominal pain can be caused by indigestion, trapped wind, overeating, smoking and a viral or bacterial infection. If the pain is sudden and severe in a particular area of your belly, it could be due to more serious medical issues such as appendicitis, ulcers, gallstones or kidney stones. Home Treatments: How To Relieve Stomach Aches at Home If you are experiencing a slight pain in your stomach, try to ease the discomfort with one of these home treatments: Sip water Avoid solid food for a few hours Avoid milk and other

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bdominal Pain in Children

By Sama Mohamed

What causes stomach pain in your child? Approximately 20 percent of children will seek attention for abdominal pain some time during their childhood. The pain could be acute or recurrent in nature and often may be associated with other symptoms, such as vomiting and diarrhoea.  The abdominal pain may arise from gastrointestinal or non-gastrointestinal causes. Common causes include constipation, infant colic and gastroenteritis. However, some of these children could be suffering from more serious conditions such as obstruction of the intestines, bleeding in the intestines and appendicitis, which need medical attention as soon as possible.  Consult your doctor when the following problems

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Abdominal Sacropolpopexy

By Sama Mohamed

Get a better understanding of abdominal sacrocolpopexy, why the surgery is necessary and its potential complications. What Is Abdominal Sacropolpopexy? It is an operation performed from the abdomen to support the vagina to the ligament on the spine (after previous or concurrent surgery to remove the womb) by using a synthetic mesh.  Why Is It Performed? Sacrocolpopexy is done to treat severe protrusion of the vagina after the womb is removed. The protrusion usually bothers you because of:• An uncomfortable lump• Urinary difficulties (e.g. incomplete emptying of the bladder)• Bowel difficulties (e.g. constipation, incomplete emptying of bowels)• Pain• Infection• Bleeding Abdominal sacrocolpopexy

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Abemaciclib

By Sama Mohamed

Medication Information Leaflet What is this medication for? Abemaciclib is used to treat hormone-positive breast cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It may be used together with other medications such as Letrozole, Exemestane, Anastrozole or Fulvestrant.  How should I take or use this medication? Take Abemaciclib two times a day You may take it with or without food Do not break, chew or crush the tablet. Swallow the tablet whole. Inform your doctor or pharmacist if you have difficulty swallowing What should I do if I forget to take or use this medication? If you forget

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Abnormal Blood Test Results

By Sama Mohamed

Don’t ignore your abnormal blood test results just because you haven’t noticed any external symptoms. Raised tumour markers, anaemia or abnormal liver function tests in particular may indicate an underlying condition that requires treatment. Getting Abnormal Blood Results During Blood Tests Patients may be referred to a gastroenterologist upon receiving an abnormal blood test result from a routine health screening.  The most commonly referred patients fall into three categories: 1. Raised tumour markers (alphafetoprotein [AFP], carcinoembryonic antigen [CEA], carbohydrate antigen 19-9 [CA19-9])2. Anaemia3. Abnormal liver function tests Patients with these abnormal blood test results may not show any external symptoms but should seek

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Abnormal Heart Rhythm (Arrhythmia)

By Sama Mohamed

Ever feel your heart beating too quickly? You may have an arrhythmia, a condition characterised by an irregular heart rhythm. Find out more about arrhythmias and learn how to detect the symptoms of an abnormal heart rhythm. What Is an Abnormal Heart Rhythm? Heart rhythm problems, or arrhythmia, occur when the electrical impulses produced by your heart that coordinate heartbeat do not function properly, causing your heart to beat too quickly (tachycardia), too slowly (bradycardia), or irregularly (bradycardia-tachycardia). Age increases the probability of experiencing an arrhythmia. It may also occur in people who do not have heart disease. Some heart arrhythmias are

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A Step-by-Step Guide on How to Apply Eye Ointment

By Sama Mohamed

A Step-by-Step Guide on How to Apply Eye Ointment    Important Information  Read the label on the tube carefully before using the eye ointment.  Using a mirror may make the application of eye ointment easier. Record the date opened on the tube of eye ointment. Throw it away immediately once contaminated or after reaching its in-use shelf life as recommended by the manufacturer.  If you need to apply both the eye drop and ointment, you should apply the eye drop first. Wait for at least 5 minutes before applying the eye ointment. If you need to apply more than one

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#Model 1 Pharma MCQ

Non-Opioid analgesics and antihistaminic

By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Non-Opioid analgesics and antihistaminic pharmacology Indicate the clinical condition that is an indication for NSAID monotherapy:A. extra-articular rheumatic diseases (myositis, tendovaginitis, synovitis)B. systemic lupus erythematosusC. dermatomyositisD. migraineE. all of the above diseases Correct answer is :Extra-articular rheumatic diseases (myositis, tendovaginitis, synovitis) Compared with indomethacin, acetylsalicylic acid has a more pronouncedA. analgesic effectB. inhibition of Pg synthesisC. antiplatelet effect on plateletsD. anti-inflammatory effectE. antipyretic effect Correct answer is :Antiplatelet effect on platelets Choose a selective COX-2 inhibitor: A. acetylsalicylic acidB. diclofenacC. celecoxibD. ketorolacE. indomethacin Correct answer is :Celecoxib The following drug has the greatest gastrotoxicity:A. ibuprofenB. indomethacinC. meloxicamD. diclofenacE. paracetamol Correct answer

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#Model 1 Pharma MCQ

Anti-biotics

By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Anti-biotics pharmacology Which structure of the microorganism is affected by cephalosporins:A. ribosomeB. cell wallC. nucleusD. mitochondriaE. vacuoles Correct answer is :Cell wall Which side effect is characteristic for aminoglycosides:A. nephrotoxicityB. vestibulopathiesC. neuromuscular blockadeD. cochleatoxicityE. all of the above Correct answer is :All listed side effects are characteristics for aminoglycosides Which antibiotic is characterized by the penicillin type of resistance development:A. erythromycinB. tetracyclineC. rifampicinD. gentamicinE. cefazolin Correct answer is :Cefazolin The metabolic rate of theophylline is altered when used concomitantly with which antibiotic:A. doxycyclineB. cefazolinC. erythromycinD. gentamicinE. penicillin Correct answer is :Erythromycin Which group of antibiotics more often causes allergic reactions:A.

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#Model 1 Pharma MCQ

Blood and hemostasis

By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Blood and hemostasis  State a drug that is a direct anticoagulant:A. alteplaseB. warfarinC. clopidogrelD. fractiparinE. aspirin Correct answer is :Fractiparin Specify the drug belonging to the group of antiaggregants:A. FraxiparinB. acetylsalicylic acidC. urokinaseD. hirudinE. warfarin Correct answer is :Acetylsalicylic acid  Identify the drug belonging to the group of thrombolytics:A. acetylsalicylic acidB. tenecteplaseC. warfarinD. heparinE. fractiparin Correct answer is :tenecteplase  What is the mechanism of antiplatelet action of acetylsalicylic acid:A. reversible inhibition of cyclooxygenaseB. inhibition of thromboxanthaseC. blockade of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complexesD. irreversible inhibition of cyclooxygenase activityE. fibrin dissolution Correct answer is :Irreversible inhibition of cycle-oxygenase activity State the index that

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Gastro-Intestinal system

By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Gastro-Intestinal System  Which drug blocks the proton pump?A. omeprazoleB. almagelC. famotidineD. atropineE. misoprostol Correct answer is :Omeprazole  Which of the following drugs maximally inhibits the secretion of hydrochloric acid:A. famotidineB. ranitidineC. misoprostolD. omeprazoleE. atropine Correct answer is :Omeprazole  Which of the following drugs promotes eradication of H.pylori:A. azithromycinB. famotidineC. clarithromycinD. lincomycinE. gentamicin Correct answer is :Clarithromycin  Which anti-ulcer agents can cause hypophosphatemia:A. aluminum-containing antacidsB. bismuth-containing medicationsC. Proton pump blockersD. H2-histamine blockersE. synthetic prostaglandins Correct answer is :Aluminum-containing antacids  Which receptors are affected by famotidine:A. M1-cholinoreceptorsB. M2-cholinoreceptorsC. H1-histamine receptorsD. H2-histamine receptorsE. N-cholinoreceptors Correct answer is :H2-histamine receptor  Which drug neutralizes hydrochloric

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#Model 1 Pharma MCQ

Respiratory system

By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Respiratory System In which situation you should not suppress a cough:A. excruciating unproductive coughB. cough in central cancerC. cough if there is a foreign body in the bronchiD. before bronchoscopic examinationE. cough with signs of sputum separation Correct answer is :In case of cough with sputum separation signs, you shouldn’t suppress cough Choose a narcotic anti-cough medication:A. codeine B. sinecodeC. glaucineD. paxeladineE. prenoxdiazine Correct answer is :Codeine Choose a non-narcotic cough suppressant:A. sinecodeB. prenoxdiazineC. paxeladineD. glaucineE. all of the following Correct answer is :All listed drugs are non-narcotic cough suppressants Which anti-cough medication is part of bronchodilator:A. libeccinB. butamirateC. oxeladineD. pentoxiverineE.

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#Model 1 Pharma MCQ

General pharmacology

By Dr. Ahmed Hafez

General pharmacology Pharmacokinetics is:A. the study of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugsB. the study of the biological and therapeutic effects of drugsC. the study of toxicity and side effectsD. methodology of clinical testing of drugsE. study of drug interactions Correct answer is :The study of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs What are the types of absorption in the GI tract:A. filtrationB. diffusionC. active transportD. pinocytosisE. all types Correct answer is :All mentioned types are correct, absorption in GIT can be filtration, diffusion, active transport or pinocytosis The result of a high degree of drug binding to

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