Tumours are abnormal growths in the body. They can be either benign or malignant (cancerous). Benign tumours are not cancerous and only grow in one place. They do not spread or invade other parts of the body, but can be dangerous if they press on vital organs, such as the brain. Treatment for benign tumours, if required, usually involves surgery. Once treated, benign tumours don’t usually grow back. Follow the links below to find trusted information about benign tumours.
Benign prostate hypertrophy What is benign prostatic hypertrophy? Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) is a non-cancerous (benign) enlargement of the prostate gland. It is also known as benign prostate enlargement or hyperplasia. The prostate gland is part of the male reproductive system. It sits under the bladder and wraps around the top of the urethra, which is the tube that carries urine out of the bladder. The prostate may get bigger and press on or block the urethra. What are the symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy? BPH can cause problems with urinating, because the enlarged prostate squeezes and narrows the urethra. These symptoms can
Volunteering explained Volunteering is spending time willingly to help someone else without being paid. It can be formal or informal. Informal volunteering includes helping friends and family with things like babysitting, home repairs or caring. Formal volunteering usually takes place through a charity or other not-for-profit or community organisation. There are many organisations that actively seek volunteers. These include areas such as: animal welfare like the RSPCA conservation — see Conservation Volunteers Australia or call 1800 032 501 vulnerable people, like the Australian Red Cross, The Smith Family, the Starlight Children’s Foundation, UnitingCare Australia, and Meals on Wheels state emergency services, rural fire services and Surf Life Saving Australia
What is Bell’s palsy? Bell’s palsy is a sudden weakness or paralysis on one side of your face. It is caused by inflammation or damage to the facial nerve. It is usually temporary. Most people start to get better in 2 weeks and are fully recovered in 3 to 6 months. A few people don’t recover fully and are left with some weakness or paralysis of the muscles on that side of their face. What are the symptoms of Bell’s palsy? The main symptom is weakness or paralysis of one side of your face. It is usually at its worst
Emotional changes in puberty What emotional changes should I expect during my child’s teenage years? Supporting your child through their teenage years can be both challenging and rewarding. Both boys and girls experience physical, hormonal and emotional changes during this time. These changes are part of a process known as puberty. Many girls begin puberty at around 10, while boys often begin this process at around 11. However, it’s important to remember that every person is different and your child will grow and develop at their own pace. During puberty, physical, hormonal and emotional changes may trigger changes in behaviour as well,
Bedwetting in older children What is bedwetting? Bedwetting happens when a child doesn’t wake up during the night when they need to empty their bladder (urinate or wee). It can happen every night, or now and again. Bedwetting is also known as nocturnal enuresis. Some children continue bedwetting from birth, while others start bedwetting again when they are older. It can be very upsetting for a child, and distressing and frustrating for you. But it isn’t their fault. Bedwetting has nothing to do with bad behaviour. What causes bedwetting in older children? Some children sleep very deeply and don’t wake up
What are bed bugs? Bed bugs are small oval-shaped and flat insects. They can grow up to 5mm long, changing colour from cream to brown as they mature. While they need to feed on blood to grow, they are resilient and can live for up to a year without a feed. Bed bugs tend to live in cracks and crevices in and around your bed, especially in mattress seams and travel on clothing, furniture, bedding and luggage. They prefer to feed on humans but will also feed on other warm-blooded animals. They mainly feed at night. While they do
The beach The beach is one of Australia’s most recognisable and enjoyable features. Here’s how to enjoy a day at the beach safely and help prevent accidents or injuries. If you get into trouble, save your energy by floating on your back. Try and stay calm. This will ensure you have the energy to stay afloat until help arrives. Who are lifeguards and lifesavers? Lifeguards and lifesavers are trained to supervise beachgoers. They provide advice about beach conditions. You should note what uniform the lifesaving service at your beach is wearing. This will help you know who to look for
Dog, cat and bat bites Are animal bites serious? Animal bites are a common cause of injury. Dog and cat bites are the most frequent type of animal bite. But any animal, including your pets, farm animals, native animals — and even humans — can bite you. Dog or cat bites are usually minor. Infections can occur if your skin is broken by an animal bite. You should avoid handling bats or flying foxes in Australia unless you are: trained in their care vaccinated wearing protective gloves What are the symptoms of animal bites? Animal bites can be very painful
What is basal cell carcinoma? Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common and usually the least dangerous type of skin cancer. BCCs usually appear on the face, neck, back or shoulders. BCCs start in the basal cells of the skin’s top layer (the epidermis). They grow slowly over months or years and rarely spread to other parts of the body. BCCs make up around 3 in every 4 of all skin cancers. See your doctor if you think you have a BCC. It is easier to treat if diagnosed early. What are the symptoms of basal cell carcinoma? BCCs often start with
Key facts A Bartholin’s cyst can form when ducts near the vagina opening become blocked. Bartholin’s cysts are a collection of bacteria and pus. Symptoms may include discomfort or tenderness and pain, for example, during intercourse (sex). Diagnosis includes physical examination and testing of vaginal discharge. Treatment is not always needed but may include self-care, drainage or antibiotics. What is a Bartholin’s cyst? A Bartholin’s cyst is when the ducts of the glands at the entrance of the vagina become blocked and the fluid builds up to cause a cyst. These glands are called Bartholin’s glands and are found on
Key facts Barmah Forest virus is transmitted by mosquitoes from animals to humans, and can cause you to feel unwell. If you are infected with the virus, your symptoms may include fever, headache and painful, swollen joints. Most people recover from the Barmah Forest virus in a few days. The best way to prevent catching Barmah Forest virus is to protect yourself from mosquito bites. What is Barmah Forest virus? Barmah Forest virus is transmitted by mosquitoes from animals to humans. Animals carrying this virus are usually marsupials, such as a possums, kangaroos or wallabies. The virus is passed to humans by
Guide to bariatric surgery What is bariatric surgery? Bariatric surgery is surgery that affects the stomach and how food is digested. It is designed to make the stomach much smaller, which causes the person to feel full after eating only a small amount of food. What are the types of bariatric surgery? The most common types in Australia are lap band surgery (called gastric banding), gastric bypass (called Roux-en-Y gastric bypass) and gastric sleeve surgery (called sleeve gastrectomy). The surgery is usually done as a keyhole procedure, in which there are a number of small cuts in the abdomen. But sometimes, open
Key facts Defrost and marinate foods in the fridge, especially meats. Separate raw and cooked food and use different equipment and utensils for each. Do not eat meat such as chicken, mince or sausages that looks raw or pink inside. The germs that cause food poisoning can be killed by cooking foods at correct temperatures. What are barbeque food safety risks? Barbecuing food can lead to food poisoning if it is not done correctly. Food poisoning is usually mild and most people get better within a week. However, sometimes it can be more severe, even deadly; so it’s important to
Female pattern hair loss What is female pattern hair loss? Female pattern hair loss is a term used to describe hair loss and thinning in females. It is also known as androgenetic alopecia. It is the most common cause of hair loss in females. Female pattern hair loss can develop at any age. It is more common after menopause. Almost half of all females show signs of hair loss by the age of 50. What are the symptoms of female pattern hair loss? The hair loss and thinning follow a different pattern to male pattern hair loss. Your hair usually thins across your
Male pattern baldness What is male pattern baldness? Male pattern baldness is a type of hair loss and thinning that is common in adult men. It is also known as androgenetic alopecia. Male pattern baldness involves hair loss that starts at the hairline above the temples and leads to a receding hairline. This is followed by hair loss on the top or ‘crown’ of the head, leaving behind a horseshoe-shaped pattern of hair. While it is commonly seen in older men, male pattern baldness can affect young adult men as well. Hair loss occurs because of changes to the normal hair growth
What is balanitis? Balanitis is when the head of the penis (the ‘glans’) becomes inflamed, causing the skin to become red and itchy. Carefully washing and drying off the affected area is usually enough to make Balanitis go away. Medical treatment is occasionally also needed. What are the symptoms of balanitis? If you have balanitis, you might notice: redness and swelling itching or flaking skin pain an unpleasant smell or discharge a rash that is pink or red, smooth or scaly or spotty or patchy difficulty pulling back the foreskin (phimosis) What causes balanitis? Balanitis is usually caused by overgrowth of the microorganisms, particularly
What are the 5 food groups? A healthy diet does not need to be complicated. Eat foods from the 5 food groups every day. The 5 food groups are: vegetables and legumes (beans) fruit grains and cereals lean meat, poultry, fish, eggs, legumes (beans), tofu, nuts, seeds milk, cheese, yoghurt or alternatives Each food group has important nutrients. The amount of each food you need will vary during your life. Your diet will depend on factors such as: how active you are whether or not you are growing whether or not you are pregnant or breastfeeding Why should I eat vegetables and legumes (beans
Key facts A Baker’s cyst can also be called a popliteal cyst. It is a fluid filled lump or swelling behind the knee. It is caused by a build-up of excess fluid. Symptoms include pain, swelling, knee stiffness or tightness. Treatment includes rest, physiotherapy, cortisone injections or draining of the fluid. What is a Baker’s cyst? A Baker’s cyst, or popliteal cyst, is a fluid-filled lump or swelling behind the knee. It is usually caused by excess fluid that comes from the knee joint. People with a Baker’s cyst might also have arthritis or an injury such as a torn
Key points Halitosis is the medical name for bad breath. Bad breath is normal when you wake up, and generally disappears after you clean your teeth. If bad breath continues throughout the day, it may be a sign of a dental or other health condition. If bad breath is a problem, see your dentist who can check your mouth for common causes of halitosis, advise you about oral hygiene, and if necessary, refer you to your doctor. What is halitosis? Halitosis is the medical name for bad breath. It’s normal to have bad breath when you first wake up. It
What is bacterial vaginosis? Bacterial vaginosis is a common condition. It is sometimes known as BV, non-specific vaginitis, or Gardnerella. Bacterial vaginosis occurs when the types of bacteria that live in the vagina are out of balance. It is normal to have vaginal discharge. But any change in what you usually experience might mean there is an underlying issue. What are the symptoms of bacterial vaginosis? In about half of all cases of bacterial vaginosis, there are no noticeable symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they usually include: a white or greyish, watery vaginal discharge an unpleasant or ‘fishy’ vaginal smell
Pneumonia What is pneumonia? Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs. The infection is usually caused by bacteria or a virus. The infection causes inflammation (swelling) in your lungs. The air sacs in your lungs can fill up with fluid, making it harder for you to breathe. There are many types of pneumonia. One of the most common is pneumococcal pneumonia. This is caused by the bacterium streptococcus pneumoniae. Pneumonia can be a mild illness, or it can be much more serious. Pneumonia can be life-threatening, especially for: babies 12 months and under Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people people older
What are bacterial infections? A bacterium is a single, but complex, cell. It can survive on its own, inside or outside the body. Most bacteria aren’t harmful. In fact, we have many bacteria inside our body and on our skin. Bacteria in our intestines (gut) help us to digest our food. But some bacteria can cause infections. Bacterial infections can affect many parts of your body, including your: throat lungs skin bowel Many infections are mild, but some are severe. Some examples of bacterial infections are: Legionnaires’ disease meningococcal disease Q fever strep throat tuberculosis (TB) whooping cough (pertussis) Other causes
What is low back pain? Back pain is a very common problem, with 1 in 6 Australians reporting having back problems. About 4 out of 5 people have low back pain at some time in their lives. People experience low back pain in different ways — most feel pain, stiffness and soreness. Some people say it feels like a sharp pain; other people report dull aches or spasms. You may feel stiff or find it hard to turn or bend in certain directions. If you have sciatica, the pain can travel down one or both of your legs. Back pain can
Back injuries What is a back injury? Back injuries are very common. A back injury is caused when there is damage to your back’s: bones or joints muscles nerves connective tissue This can cause pain and discomfort. Injuries can affect any part of your back, but injuries most often happen in your lower back. Common injuries include: sprains and strains — when you overstretch a muscle or tear a ligament in your back herniated disc — when a spinal disc bulges out of shape and irritates a nerve fractured vertebrae — a break in any of the bones in your back spinal stenosis —
How your baby gains weight From birth your baby needs to be breastfed or formula fed regularly to have good weight gain. It’s a good idea to have your baby’s weight checked regularly. This helps make sure they are healthy, growing and feeding well. Babies are usually weighed: at birth during their first 2 weeks once a month up to 6 months every 2 months from 6 to 12 months every 3 months after their first birthday What affects your baby’s birth weight Your baby’s birth weight will depend on how close they were born to their due date. Babies born after
Nappy rash What is nappy rash? Nappy rash is a very common skin condition in children under 2. It’s caused by the skin coming into contact with urine (wee) and faeces (poo) in the nappy. Mild cases are usually painless but severe nappy rash can cause discomfort and distress to babies. What are the symptoms of nappy rash? The main symptom of nappy rash is red, raw skin in the nappy area. The rash might spread to the baby’s tummy or up their back. The skin might be raised or swollen. Sometimes the rash is spotty. It will be sore
Immunisation and vaccinations for your child How does immunisation work? Immunisation protects against infectious (contagious) disease. Your body’s immune system responds to each vaccine to protect you from a specific disease, and to reduce your chance of becoming sick from the disease in the future. Once your child is vaccinated for a specific disease, they are immune to that disease if they come into contact with someone who has it. Vaccines use either inactive or weakened viruses to make your body believe it has already been infected with the disease. Your body’s immune system makes specific antibodies (special proteins that can fight germs
Feeding your newborn baby How can I feed my baby? There are several ways to feed your baby, depending on what suits you both. Babies need milk that has certain qualities to help them grow and thrive. They can’t digest any other form of food until they’re around 6 months old. The World Health Organization recommends that you feed your baby only breastmilk for their first 6 months. This is called exclusive breastfeeding. After that, you can introduce solid foods while you continue breastfeeding. If you don’t plan to breastfeed, you can give your baby: expressed breast milk infant formula Depending on
Vitamin B deficiency What is vitamin B deficiency? Vitamin B deficiency happens when your body doesn’t have enough vitamin B. This happens if you don’t eat food with vitamin B or because of a health condition. Your body needs a certain amount of each type of vitamin B to function well. The different types of vitamin B are all water-soluble (dissolves in water), which means that they cannot be stored in the body and must be consumed regularly to avoid deficiency. Every day, the average adult needs: 1.1-1.2mg of thiamine (B1) 1.1-1.6mg of riboflavin (B2) 14-16mg of niacin (B3) 4-6mg
What is breast cancer? Breast cancer is a malignant growth that starts in the glandular tissue of your breast. Lymph nodes (glands) are small structures which lie along lymph vessels present throughout the body. They help the body deal with infections, but they also become involved in the spread of some cancers. Sometimes breast cancer spreads to one or more lymph nodes in the armpit on the same side. Axillary node clearance is an operation to remove all the lymph nodes from the affected armpit. What are the benefits of surgery? Some lymph nodes in the armpit may appear normal but contain
What is avoidant personality disorder? Avoidant personality disorder (AVPD) is a personality disorder. People with AVPD often have a long history of feeling inadequate (not enough) and are very sensitive to what others think about them. Someone with an avoidant personality disorder will appear shy and timid. But this is much more than just being ‘shy’. You may avoid people because you feel inferior, even though you really want to have company. You are very sensitive to judgements by others and fear rejection. These feelings are chronic and intense. They negatively affect your ability to engage and function through life.
What is an autoimmune disease? Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system produces antibodies that wrongly attack the body’s own cells. Your immune system usually protects you from infection. It does this by finding and fighting off viruses and bacteria that enter your body. An autoimmune disease occurs when your healthy organs and tissues are being targeted by your immune system. There are many types of autoimmune diseases. Some only involve one area of your body. Others may involve many different parts of the body. What are the types and symptoms of autoimmune diseases? There are many different autoimmune diseases. Most affect
What is autism spectrum disorder (ASD)? Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a lifelong developmental disorder. It affects how people behave and interact with the world around them. In people with ASD, the brain does not grow in the same way it does in most people. ASD presents differently in boys and girls. ASD is not a mental health problem or an intellectual disability. But some people with ASD will also have those problems. Children and adults with ASD may be highly intelligent, of normal intelligence, or have an intellectual disability. Along with some challenges, an autistic person will also have
What is primary healthcare? Primary care is provided by: doctors (General Practitioners — GPs) community nurses dentists pharmacists allied health professionals (such as physiotherapists, dietitians and speech pathologists) It’s delivered in a variety of settings, including at: general practices community health centres pharmacies dental practices at home General practice General practitioners (GPs) are also known as doctors. They work in the community to keep people healthy. Your doctor can check and treat your: physical health mental health Your doctor can also help you access other health services, or specialist care, through a referral. You can read more about referrals here. It can be
Key facts Caring for someone with a mental illness can be challenging and it’s OK to feel a range of emotions. Looking after yourself will help you to stay well and better care for the person with mental illness. Learning about your loved one’s mental health condition can help you support them. A mental health safety plan may help you and your loved one know what to do in a crisis. There are many support services available for mental health carers. How does a person’s mental illness affect their family and friends? Having a mental illness can affect a person’s family and
What is ADHD? Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder that begins in early childhood. ADHD used to be called attention deficit disorder (ADD). ADHD is often misunderstood. It can cause problems: concentrating becoming distracted being hyperactive (sometimes) being impulsive This may cause people with ADHD to have problems with their: schooling friendships work family life Around 1 in every 20 Australians has ADHD. While ADHD is more common in boys — it’s under diagnosed in girls and adults. More than 3 in 4 children diagnosed with ADHD still have symptoms as an adult. What are the symptoms
Key facts Atrial fibrillation is a type of abnormal heartbeat. It is sometimes known as Afib or AF. Having atrial fibrillation can increase your risk of stroke. There are several treatments for atrial fibrillation, including medicines or a pacemaker. What is atrial fibrillation? Atrial fibrillation is a type of heart arrhythmia (abnormal heartbeat). Atrial fibrillation is when your atria (the upper chambers of your heart) twitch or ‘fibrillate’ rather than pump normally. When you have atrial fibrillation, your heartbeat may be fast and not regular. This is because there is a problem with the electrical pathways that control your heart rhythm. Atrial fibrillation
/*! elementor – v3.17.0 – 25-10-2023 */ .elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px} Add Your Heading Text Here Tinea What is tinea? Tinea is a common and contagious fungal skin or nail infection. The tinea fungus thrives in warm, moist environments, so areas like the feet, the groin, the scalp, under the breasts and sometimes the toe and fingernails are ideal places for the fungus to grow. Most tinea infections are mild. What are the types of tinea? Tinea can affect many areas of the skin/nails and the infection will have a different name depending on the location and type of fungus.
What is peripheral vascular disease? Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is also known as ‘peripheral artery disease’ (PAD). It usually refers to narrowing of the arteries leading to your legs and feet. What are the symptoms of peripheral vascular disease? The most common symptom of PVD is painful cramping in your leg muscles. This is triggered by physical activity, such as walking or climbing stairs. The pain usually develops in your calves (lower leg). Sometimes your thigh or buttock muscles can be affected. It can range from mild to severe. The pain will usually go away after 5 to 10 minutes
What is astigmatism? Astigmatism is a problem with vision that is caused by the cornea or the lens of the eye not being perfectly curved. The result is blurred vision — mildly blurred for some people, severely blurred for others. Eye check-ups can diagnose astigmatism, which can be treated with glasses, contact lenses or laser eye surgery. What are the types of astigmatism? There are 2 types of astigmatism: regular — where the cornea is curved more in 1 direction (say vertically) than the other (say horizontally) irregular — where the curvature of the cornea is uneven across the surface
Key facts Asthma medicines are usually grouped into ‘preventers’ and ‘relievers’. Preventers are used daily to prevent asthma symptoms, while relievers are used when necessary to relieve symptoms. Most asthma medicines are taken using inhalers (‘puffers’). People with asthma should also have a written asthma action plan to help them recognise worsening symptoms and know how to respond. You should see your doctor regularly for a review of your asthma medicines, even if your asthma is well-controlled. What are asthma medicines? Asthma medicines are usually grouped into ‘preventers’ and ‘relievers’: Preventers are used daily to prevent asthma symptoms. Relievers are
Key facts Having asthma is not a reason for children to avoid exercise. Some people experience asthma symptoms after vigorous exercise. This is known as exercise induced asthma or exercise induced bronchoconstriction. Symptoms of exercise induced asthma usually start about 5 to 10 minutes after vigorous exercise. Make sure your child always has their reliever puffer with them. It’s important that your child and any supervising adults know how and when to use it. Your child’s asthma action plan should contain information about preventing and responding to exercise induced asthma. Keep the plan with your child when they exercise. Should
Will pregnancy affect my asthma? Pregnancy can affect your asthma in different ways. About 1 in 3 pregnant women with asthma find that pregnancy makes their asthma worse. However, about 1 in 3 women find that their asthma gets better during pregnancy. If you have severe asthma, your symptoms are more likely to worsen during pregnancy. Hormonal and physical changes that naturally occur during pregnancy can make it feel harder for you to breathe at times. As your pregnant uterus and baby grows, there is less space inside for your lungs to ventilate. Many pregnant women, with and without asthma, report feeling short of
Key facts Asthma is a long-term lung condition that is caused by narrowing of the airways when they become inflamed. The most common symptoms of asthma are: wheezing, coughing, feeling ‘out of breath’ and tightness in the chest. Symptoms are usually mild, but they can flare up. This can cause an ‘asthma attack’ and may require hospital care. There are effective medicines for asthma that will help you feel well and keep you out of hospital, when taken correctly. Asthma can be managed. Preventer medicines can prevent symptoms. Reliever inhalers treat your symptoms and help when you have an asthma
What is an assisted vaginal delivery? An assisted vaginal delivery involves using a ventouse (vacuum cup) or forceps (like large tongs) to guide your baby as you push with your contractions. Why may I need an assisted vaginal delivery? You have been pushing for too long. You may have run out of energy to deliver your baby safely. Your baby’s heart rate may be going above or below normal levels or they may not be getting enough oxygen. Sometimes, if you have high blood pressure, your obstetrician may recommend an assisted vaginal delivery if the second stage of labour goes beyond a certain time and your
What is an assistance dog? An assistance dog is a working animal. It has special training to give people with disability support in their daily life. It is not a pet. Assistance dogs: are individually trained in obedience can perform tasks that ease disability can pass a public access test (PAT) The legal definition of an assistance dog is a dog that is: accredited under a state or territory law, or accredited by an animal training organisation stated in the regulations, or trained to assist a person with a disability to alleviate the effect of the disability and meets standards
What is Asperger’s syndrome? Asperger’s syndrome is the former name of a developmental disability that affects how people behave, see and understand the world and interact with others. People with this developmental disability may have special interests, repetitive behaviours and under or overreact to sensory input. People who previously were diagnosed with Asperger’s syndrome have since 2013 been diagnosed as having a high-functioning form of autism spectrum disorder. There is no longer a separate diagnosis for Asperger’s syndrome, although some people may prefer to keep using this term. People with Asperger’s syndrome, now diagnosed as a high-functioning form of autism spectrum
Key facts Asbestosis is a chronic lung disease caused by exposure to asbestos dust. Asbestos is a material that was commonly used in construction during the 1900s, until its use was banned in 2003. The main symptom of asbestosis is shortness of breath that is worse with physical activity. If your doctor thinks you may have asbestosis, they will assess your symptoms, ask about your past asbestos exposure and carry out lung function tests, as part of making a diagnosis. Asbestosis has no cure, but there are things you can do to reduce your risk of complications. What is asbestosis?
This page will give you information about an arthroscopy of the wrist. If you have any questions, you should ask your GP or other relevant health professional. What is an arthroscopy of your wrist? An arthroscopy (keyhole surgery) is performed to diagnose and treat problems in your wrist joint. It involves examining the inside of the joint using a telescope inserted through small cuts on your skin. What are the benefits of surgery? The aim is to confirm exactly what the problem is and for many people the problem can be treated at the same time. Are there any alternatives to surgery?
This page will give you information about an arthroscopy of the shoulder. If you have any questions, you should ask your GP or other relevant health professional. What is an arthroscopy of your shoulder? An arthroscopy (keyhole surgery) is performed to diagnose and treat problems in your shoulder joint. It involves examining the inside of the joint using a telescope inserted through small cuts on your skin. What are the benefits of surgery? The aim is to confirm exactly what the problem is and for many people the problem can be treated at the same time. Are there any alternatives to surgery?
This page will give you information about an arthroscopy of the knee. If you have any questions, you should ask your GP or other relevant health professional. What is an arthroscopy of your knee? An arthroscopy (keyhole surgery) allows your surgeon to see inside your knee using a camera inserted through small cuts on your skin. Your surgeon can diagnose problems such as a torn cartilage (meniscus), ligament damage and arthritis. What are the benefits of surgery? The aim is to confirm exactly what the problem is and for many people the problem can be treated at the same time. The benefit of
This page will give you information about an arthroscopy of the elbow. If you have any questions, you should ask your GP or other relevant health professional. What is an arthroscopy of your elbow? An arthroscopy (keyhole surgery) is performed to diagnose and treat problems in your elbow joint. It involves examining the inside of the joint using a telescope inserted through small cuts on your skin. What are the benefits of surgery? The aim is to confirm exactly what the problem is and for many people the problem can be treated at the same time. Are there any alternatives to surgery?
What is an arthroscopy of your ankle? An arthroscopy (keyhole surgery) allows your surgeon to see inside your ankle using a camera inserted through small cuts on your skin. Your surgeon can diagnose problems such as damage to the joint surface or ligaments, and arthritis. What are the benefits of surgery? The aim is to confirm exactly what the problem is and for many people the problem can be treated at the same time. Are there any alternatives to surgery? Problems inside your ankle can often be diagnosed using a magnetic scan (MRI scan) but you may then need an arthroscopy to treat the
What is an arthroscopy? An arthroscopy is a procedure used to diagnose and treat some joint problems. When you have an arthroscopy, an instrument called an arthroscope is used to look inside your joint. An arthroscope is a small, fibre-optic video camera attached to a narrow tube. During an arthroscopy a surgeon uses an arthroscope to see inside the joint. When may an arthroscopy be needed? An arthroscopy can be done to help diagnose a problem in a joint. It can also help guide surgical repair of a joint problem. This type of ‘keyhole surgery’ is done with narrow, pencil-shaped surgical instruments.
What is frozen shoulder? Frozen shoulder is a stiff and painful shoulder caused by inflammation, swelling and contraction of your shoulder lining (capsule). It is also known as adhesive capsulitis. What are the benefits of surgery? You should have less pain and be able to use your shoulder better. Are there any alternatives to surgery? Simple painkillers and anti-inflammatory painkillers such as ibuprofen can help control the pain but you will usually need stronger painkillers. A steroid injection into your shoulder joint can sometimes reduce pain and stiffness. Physiotherapy is often helpful in improving movement if the pain can be controlled. Arthrographic
Key facts Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA, or juvenile arthritis) is chronic (ongoing) inflammatory arthritis that affects children. There are several different types of JIA, which have different symptoms and signs. Common symptoms include joint pain, swelling and stiffness in the morning. Treatments are available and depend on the type of arthritis. About half of all children with JIA no longer have symptoms by the time they are adults. What is juvenile idiopathic arthritis? Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is inflammatory arthritis that affects children under 16 years old. JIA can be mild or severe and may last for months or years.
What is arthritis? Arthritis is not one disease alone, but an umbrella term for more than 100 conditions that affect the joints of the body. Joints are points where 2 or more bones meet, such as in the wrist, knuckles, hips, knees and ankles. If you have arthritis, the joints are inflamed, causing discomfort and pain. It can range from mild to severe and can affect people of all ages. It affects nearly 4 million Australians, including at least 6,000 children. The 3 most common types of arthritis found in Australians are: osteoarthritis rheumatoid arthritis gout Other types of arthritis include:
Arsenic is a naturally occurring chemical found in water, food and soil that is toxic when someone is exposed to a significant amount. It can also be found due to contamination from human activity. Sometimes arsenic is found in low levels in food. There are limits to levels of arsenic allowed in seaweed products, seafood, rice and cereals in Australia. These foods are being constantly monitored to make sure they are safe. The only food which has higher levels of arsenic is a type of seaweed called Hijiki. You should only eat small amounts of this food. A small amount
What are heart arrhythmias? An arrhythmia is a heart condition where your heart beats abnormally. This is due to a problem with the electrical signals that coordinates your heartbeats. The heart may beat too fast, too slow, or irregularly. Some heart arrhythmias are serious, while others are not. What are some types of heart arrhythmias? Some of the different types of heart arrhythmias are given below. Ectopic beats Ectopic beats are a common type of arrhythmia. Many people occasionally have extra or missed beats. Most people don’t notice them. An increase in ectopic beats can happen because of: anxiety caffeine exertion from exercise nicotine stress tiredness
What is apraxia of speech? Apraxia is a rare type of speech disorder that makes it difficult to move the mouth in the way needed to produce sounds and words. A speech pathologist can often provide therapy that can help a person’s speech to improve. Apraxia occurs when the brain can’t move the mouth, lips, jaw and tongue properly. Even though they know what they want to say, people with apraxia have problems pronouncing sounds, syllables and words. The condition is usually noticed when a child is first learning to talk, but it can continue into adulthood. In adults, it can be
What is appendicitis? Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix. The appendix is a thin pouch attached to a part of your large intestine (gut) on the right side of your abdomen (‘tummy’ area). It is usually about the size of a finger. If you have appendicitis, this means that your appendix is swollen and infected. A swollen and infected appendix can sometimes burst. If this happens, the infection may spread throughout your abdomen, causing serious problems such as peritonitis (infection inside the abdomen) or an abscess (a collection of pus) around the appendix. Appendicitis can occur at any age but it is most common in children
What is an appendicectomy? An appendicectomy is an operation to remove the appendix, which is a small, tube-like part of the bowel. It often needs to be performed urgently when someone has an infected and inflamed appendix (appendicitis). It is also known as an appendicectomy. Why is an appendicectomy performed? An appendicectomy is usually done because the appendix is inflamed or has burst. How to prepare for an appendicectomy The hospital will tell you how long you should fast (have nothing to eat or drink) before the operation. You might be given fluids through a drip (intravenously, directly into a
What is obstructive sleep apnoea? Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) happens when your throat is partly or completely blocked at times while you’re asleep, causing you to stop breathing. You may stop breathing for between 10 and 90 seconds, and then wake up briefly (called an arousal), which restarts your breathing. These breathing pauses, known as apnoeas, can happen many times a night. You’re often unaware of it happening, but will wake feeling tired. OSA ranges from mild to severe. In severe cases, your sleep can be interrupted hundreds of times each night with long pauses in your breathing. Why do
What is Apert syndrome? Apert syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects around 1 in every 65,000 newborn babies. Usually neither parent has the condition, and the gene mutation has come about by chance. The mutation, usually evident at birth, causes the bones of the skull to fuse together much earlier than usual, before the brain is fully grown. Pressure from the brain as it grows pushes the bones of the head and face out of shape. This brain compression can affect a child’s intellectual development. Apert syndrome also affects the hands and feet and a range of internal
What is an aortic valve replacement? The aortic valve is one of 4 valves in the heart that work together to keep blood flowing in the right direction. If the aortic valve stops working properly, it may need to be replaced. Why is an aortic valve replacement performed? The aortic valve must open fully and close fully with each heartbeat so the heart can pump enough blood around the body. If either function is affected, the heart must work much harder to try and deliver enough blood to the body and it can become overworked. Signs the aortic valve is
Key facts Aortic stenosis is a heart condition affecting your aortic heart valve. Symptoms of aortic stenosis often come on with physical exertion and include feeling tired, feeling breathless, fainting and chest pain. The most common cause of aortic stenosis is hardening and scarring of your aortic valve. This happens with age. Treatment for aortic stenosis depends on your age, general health, severity of your symptoms and your heart function. What is aortic stenosis? Aortic stenosis is a heart condition affecting your aortic heart valve. It can sometimes lead to problems like heart failure. The aortic valve is like a one-way
What is aortic dissection? Aortic dissection is a rare but very dangerous condition where there is a tear in the aorta, the large blood vessel that runs from the heart to the rest of the body. If you have symptoms that include a sudden, severe pain in your chest or upper back, call triple zero (000) straight away and ask for an ambulance. The aorta is a blood vessel about the thickness of a garden hose that carries blood from the heart through the centre of the chest and into the abdomen. Aortic dissection is where there is a tear in the
What is aortic coarctation? Aortic coarctation is a heart condition that mainly affects newborn babies. It is a narrowing of a section of the aorta, which is the large blood vessel that delivers blood from the left side of the heart to the body. What are the symptoms of aortic coarctation? The restriction in the aorta causes: the heart to pump extra hard to move the blood through the narrowed section blood flow to increase in the head, arms and upper part of the body blood flow to decrease in the legs and lower part of the body. These effects
What is anxiety? Everyone gets worried or anxious from time to time. But for some people, anxious feelings don’t go away and are out of proportion to the situation they are facing. If you have an anxiety disorder, anxious feelings may come on and persist without any particular reason. Anxiety affects everyone differently, and can include a wide variety of symptoms including: feeling very worried or anxious a lot of the time having trouble calming down panic attacks avoiding situations or things that cause anxiety Learn more about anxiety. When should I see my doctor? If you are suffering from symptoms
What is anxiety? Anxiety is a normal part of life and can affect anyone. Sometimes, if anxiety becomes overwhelming and doesn’t go away, it can be a sign of an anxiety disorder. However, with treatment and support from family and friends, anxiety can be managed. Anxiety affects the body and mind. Your teenager may often feel tense, jittery or agitated, and worry about a situation they’re in or what might come next. A bit of anxiety from time to time is normal, especially for teenagers. It can help with motivation at school, sport or work. But if anxious feelings don’t go away,
What is workplace bullying Workplace bullying is repeated unreasonable behaviour directed towards a worker in the workplace, creating a risk to health and safety. Bullying can involve just one person or groups of people. Workplace bullying can be physical, verbal or psychological, and can include victimisation, humiliation, intimidation or threatening behaviour. Bullying can take place in any workplace, including offices, shops, factories, cafes, restaurants, workshops, and within community and government organisations. Anyone can be bullied, including casuals, temps, subcontractors, work experience students, interns, volunteers, permanent employees and managers. Bullies can be managers, bosses, or co-workers. What are examples of workplace bullying?
Key facts Cyberbullying, also known as online bullying, is bullying that’s done using technology. A cyberbully can be someone you know, or a stranger. Cyberbullying is just as hurtful as physical and verbal bullying and can affect someone for a very long time. What is cyberbullying? Cyberbullying is bullying using technology to bully or hurt someone else. For example, cyberbullying may involve the internet, a mobile phone or camera. It is common, especially among children and teenagers. Cyberbullying can include: sending or sharing nasty, hurtful or abusive messages or emails humiliating others by posting or sharing embarrassing videos or images spreading rumours
Key facts Bullying is behaviour that is repeated and intended to cause psychological, social or physical harm. Bullying can be harmful to your mental health, your self-esteem and your social relationships. People who bully often have low self-esteem. If you are being bullied or you know of someone who is being bullied, there are ways to stop it and places to go for advice and support. What is bullying? Bullying is when people deliberately use words or actions repeatedly against an individual or a group to cause physical, social and/or psychological harm. They usually want to make the person feel
Healthy relationships with your partner and family members can enhance your life and make everyone feel good about themselves. They don’t just happen though; healthy relationships take time to build and need work to keep them healthy. The more positive effort you put into a relationship, the healthier it should be. What are the signs of a healthy relationship? People in healthy relationships love and support each other. They help each other practically as well as emotionally. They are there for each other in the good times and the bad times. Healthy relationships are commonly based on: respect trust open
The terms anxiety, anxiety attack, panic attack and panic disorder are often used interchangeably to describe the physical and mental symptoms that go with nervousness, intense fear, dread and discomfort. But these are distinct conditions set apart by their features, and they can be diagnosed by mental health professionals. What is a panic attack? A panic attack is a single episode of an overwhelming feeling of intense fear and anxiety. It comes on as a sudden rush, with physical symptoms and frightening thoughts. If you have a panic attack, you might have a racing heart and palpitations.You might have pain in
What is OCD? Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a treatable anxiety disorder that affects more than 500,000 people in Australia. It usually develops in late childhood or early teenage years and without proper treatment can become a chronic condition. As the name suggests, there are 2 kinds of symptoms: obsessions — an unwanted thought, image or urge that repeatedly comes into the mind compulsions — repetitive behaviours or rituals, that are difficult or impossible to resist doing, which are carried out to reduce anxiety The compulsions can take considerable time, impacting on normal day-to-day activities. For example, a person with OCD may need to check
What is agoraphobia? Agoraphobia is a type of anxiety disorder where a person fears having a panic attack in certain places — like public transport, crowds or queues — or situations from which escape is difficult. It is normal to sometimes feel anxious, but anxiety becomes a disorder if it interferes with daily life. Anxiety disorders such as agoraphobia can seriously restrict a person’s ability to go to work or socialise with friends and family. What are the symptoms of agoraphobia? Agoraphobia is a type of phobia and often goes together with panic disorder. Symptoms of agoraphobia include: experiencing anxiety or panic attacks in situations
What is social anxiety disorder? Social anxiety disorder, also known as social phobia, is a recurrent disproportionate fear of social situations, where a person fears being judged, criticised or humiliated in front of other people. Social anxiety disorder is not just being shy or nervous when in formal situations or when having to give a speech – situations where many people feel apprehensive. It happens in ordinary everyday situations, such as eating in public, meeting people, or being watched while doing something. A person may feel that they will humiliate or embarrass themselves. The fear of embarrassment and of being
What is generalised anxiety disorder (GAD)? Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) is a type of anxiety disorder where people have uncontrollable and persistent worry that affects their day-to-day life on an ongoing basis. What are the symptoms of GAD? You could be dealing with GAD if: you uncontrollably worry about many different things, a lot of the time your worry makes it hard to do everyday things like working and seeing friends you’re often tired but can’t sleep properly you constantly feel tense or restless your heart races or your mouth gets dry you have difficulty concentrating you are irritable your jaw or
Key facts High levels of anxiety affect your ability to concentrate, sleep and carry out ordinary tasks. Anxiety disorders affect 1 in 4 Australians at some stage in their life. Each type of anxiety disorder has different specific symptoms. You may be diagnosed with an anxiety disorder if your symptoms are affecting your ability to function. This might be at work, school or socially. Treatment options for anxiety disorders include lifestyle measures, psychological therapy and medicines. What is anxiety? Everyone experiences anxiety from time to time. Normal worry can be motivating — it can help you with things such as
What is PTSD? Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a treatable anxiety disorder affecting around 3 million Australians at some time in their lives. It happens when fear, anxiety and memories of a traumatic event don’t go away. The feelings last for a long time and interfere with how people cope with everyday life. What are the symptoms of PTSD? Everyone is affected differently by PTSD. Symptoms can range from subtle changes in day-to-day life, withdrawal and numbness, to distressing flashbacks or physical anxiety. Symptoms of PTSD may appear in the month after the traumatic event, but sometimes they can stay dormant for
Key facts Anxiety disorders are not just a matter of feeling too anxious. Children with anxiety disorders have fears and worries that cause distress. Children with anxiety may try to avoid situations or issues they’re worried about. Treatment for anxiety disorders in children includes psychological therapy. Lifestyle adjustments may also help. Medicines are rarely recommended to treat anxiety in children. What is anxiety? Anxiety is a normal part of life and can affect anyone, including children. But as parents and carers, it’s sometimes hard to know the difference between normal worries and something more serious. In most cases, anxiety in
What is antisocial personality disorder? People with antisocial personality disorder tend to disregard authority, the law or the rights of other people. They may tell lies, behave aggressively or engage in illegal behaviour such as stealing, drug taking and violence. People with antisocial personality disorder are said to lack remorse or a conscience, and generally do not feel sorry for their actions. They are sometimes called a ‘sociopath’ or a ‘psychopath’. What are the symptoms of antisocial personality disorder? Some people with antisocial personality disorder are highly successful, intelligent and charming but exploit others for their own personal gain. Others
What are antipsychotic medications? Antipsychotic medication (antipsychotics) are medicines that can help ease the symptoms of a psychosis. Psychosis is a mental health condition that affects how the brain works. There are different types of antipsychotic medications. Sometimes they cause side effects. Talk with your doctor or mental health nurse about what might work best for you. Antipsychotic medications are medicines used to treat psychosis. Psychosis is an illness that makes it hard to tell what is real and what isn’t. They may also help anxiety and agitation, and problems with mood, thinking and socialising. Sometimes you might get psychosis if you already
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a blood disorder that puts a person at greater risk of developing blood clots or having problems with pregnancy. It is sometimes called Hughes syndrome or sticky blood. With treatment, most people with APS can lead normal lives. Types of APS APS develops when someone has abnormal antibodies in their blood. It is an autoimmune disorder, meaning the antibodies the body produces to fight infections start attacking the body instead. Blood clots can cause serious problems, such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the legs, or damage to organs, such as your kidneys, lungs or brain. Causes of
What are antioxidants? Antioxidants are substances produced by your body that play an important role in your health. They are also found in foods, and in vitamin and mineral supplements. There are many different types of antioxidants. Why are antioxidants important? Many chemical reactions take place inside the cells in your body. Sometimes, these form by-products known as free radicals. Free radicals have important roles in your body. Some are used by your body’s immune system to attack viruses or bacteria. However, if free radicals build up in your body, they can cause ‘oxidative stress’. This can damage your cells and impact your health.
Key facts Antihistamines are medicines that you can take to treat allergies. Antihistamines can help your symptoms if you suffer from allergic conditions, for example, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, hives, allergic reactions to insect bites or stings. Antihistamines can also help if you have mild or moderate acute allergic reactions such as to food, dust mites or pet hair. There are 2 main types of antihistamines: sedating antihistamines that can make you feel sleepy, and non-sedating antihistamines that usually don’t make you sleepy. Allergies and histamine Your body can become sensitive to things around you, such as foods, plants,
Key facts Antidepressants are medicines used to treat mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety. Antidepressants work on several chemicals in the brain (neurotransmitters) that influence mood. Different antidepressants cause different side effects, but common side effects include nausea, dizziness, weight gain and sexual problems. Most people need to take antidepressants for at least 6 to 12 months, but many people will take them for much longer. Don’t stop antidepressants suddenly — ask your doctor how to taper (gradually reduce) your dose to minimise withdrawal symptoms. What are antidepressants? Antidepressants are medicines used to treat mental health conditions including:
Key facts Grief is a natural emotional response to loss. Anticipatory grief is feelings of grief or loss that are felt before the loss actually happens. People facing their own death or the death of a loved one may experience anticipatory grief. Feelings of grief before death can be intense and overwhelming, so it’s important to recognise these emotions and seek support when you need it. There are many ways to cope with these feelings, including finding someone to talk to (a friend or a professional), and looking after your physical needs. What is grief? Grief is a natural emotional
When are medicines recommended for children? While some children may find their illness clears up on its own, others will need medicines to treat the illness or prevent it from getting worse. Your doctor or pharmacist will usually know whether your child needs medicine, as well as the most appropriate and safest option. They can explain why they have chosen this medicine and its benefits for your child’s health. Children’s medicines differ from adults’ medicines because children absorb and process medicines differently. When your doctor prescribes a medicine for your child, the dosage is calculated to specifically suit their age,
Key facts Antibiotics are medicines that treat infections and diseases caused by bacteria. Different types of antibiotics work in different ways, but all antibiotics damage bacteria so that your immune system can more easily fight the bacteria. Doctors prescribe antibiotics that are best suited to the type of infection you have. Like all medicines, antibiotics can cause side effects. Some people are allergic to certain antibiotics. Because antibiotics have been overused, many are no longer effective. Antibiotics should only be used if they are needed to treat a bacterial infection. What are antibiotics? Antibiotics are medicines that treat infections
This page will give you information about anti-reflux surgery. If you have any questions, you should ask your GP or other relevant health professional. What is acid reflux? Acid reflux is a condition where acid from your stomach passes up into your oesophagus (gullet). If this happens too often it can cause symptoms of a burning sensation in your chest (‘heartburn’) or acid in the back of your mouth. The acid can cause the lining of your oesophagus to become inflamed (oesophagitis) or scarred. What are the benefits of surgery? This surgery aims to improve your reflux symptoms. You should
Key facts You can buy NSAIDs with a doctor’s prescription or over-the-counter to relieve pain, inflammation and fever. NSAIDs can cause side effects such as stomach upsets and bleeding. You can reduce risk of side effects by taking NSAIDs occasionally, for limited time and at the lowest dose that relieves your symptoms. There are many brand names for the same NSAID medication, and many different types of NSAID available, so be careful not to take more than you need by mistake. What are NSAIDs? Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, also known as NSAIDs are medicines that are used to relieve pain, and
What is anthrax? Anthrax (also known as ‘wool-sorter’s disease’) is a serious infectious disease caused by a type of bacteria known as bacillus anthracis. It can survive for a long time as spores. Anthrax is very rare in Australia, with only been 3 cases occurring in humans since 2001. However, it still occurs in animals — mainly in the ‘anthrax belt’, which runs through western New South Wales into Victoria and southern Queensland. What are the symptoms of anthrax? There are 3 types of anthrax, each with different symptoms. Cutaneous (skin) anthrax This infection appears on the skin, usually 1 to
This page will give you information about an anterior repair. If you have any questions, you should ask your GP or other relevant health professional. What is an anterior prolapse? An anterior prolapse is a bulge of your vagina caused by your bladder dropping down. It is caused by weakness of the support tissues between your vagina and bladder. What are the benefits of surgery? An anterior prolapse can cause the following problems. A sensation of ‘something coming down’. The need to pass urine more often. The feeling of not having fully emptied your bladder. Difficulty urinating. A bulge in
What are antenatal tests? Antenatal tests are an important part of your pregnancy care and help make sure that you and your baby are healthy throughout your pregnancy. Different types of tests, including blood tests, urine tests and ultrasound scans are used to check different aspects of your own and your baby’s health. Some tests are recommended for everyone, while others are offered only to women at a greater risk of a particular condition. Some antenatal tests are screening tests. This means that they are designed to assess the chance of you or your baby having a particular condition. If you receive a high-risk result
You cannot copy content of this page