Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by the presence of certain signs and symptoms.
The components of nephrotic syndrome include:
1. Proteinuria:
This is the hallmark feature of nephrotic syndrome. It refers to the presence of excess protein in the urine, specifically albumin. Normally, only a small amount of protein is excreted in the urine, but in nephrotic syndrome, there is significant loss of protein.
2. Hypoalbuminemia:
Due to excessive loss of protein in the urine, there is a decrease in the levels of albumin in the blood. Albumin is an important protein that helps maintain fluid balance and transport substances in the blood.
3. Edema:
The loss of proteins from the blood leads to a decrease in oncotic pressure, which results in fluid accumulation in tissues, causing swelling or edema. Edema typically occurs around the eyes (periorbital edema), ankles, and legs but can also affect other parts of the body.
4. Hyperlipidemia:
Nephrotic syndrome often leads to increased levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood due to alterations in lipid metabolism caused by urinary loss of proteins.
5. Lipiduria:
In some cases, lipids may be present in the urine due to their increased levels in the blood.
These components are usually associated with underlying kidney damage or disease, such as minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), membranous nephropathy, or diabetic nephropathy.
